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PSYC 4220: TEST 1
Age norms |
Unspoken societal rules based on age, gives us a sense of timing for life transitions
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Do age norms differ depending on where you live? |
It depends on where you live and ages are always given as averages and and only large deviations from the average age should be a cause for concern
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Approached for studying development (4) |
Physical development
Cognitive Development
Social Development
Personality Development
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Physical Development |
Development involving the body's physical makeup
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Cognitive Development |
Development involving growth and change in intellectual capabilities and thinking
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Social Development |
Development involving individual's interactions with others and social relationships
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Personality Development |
Development involving the enduring characteristics that differentiate people
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Goals of Developmental Research (3) |
1) Description
Normative development
Idiographic development
2) Explanation
3) Optimization
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Normative Development |
Typical patterns of development
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Idiographic Development |
Differences between development of individuals
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Baby biographies |
Detailed descriptions of own child's behavior
Problems
Subjective
Too much variation, only based on one child
Hard to compare because focused on different aspects of development
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G. Stanley Hall |
Father of developmental psychology
Created questionnaires to figure out how kids think
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Surveys/self-reports |
Simply ask participants about thoughts, attitudes, feelings, or behavior
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Naturalistic observation |
Observe behaviors in everyday life
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Structured/laboratory observation |
Observing participants in lab under carefully created conditions
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Psychophysiological methods |
Examining relationships between physiological responses and behavior
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Cross-Sectional Design |
Measuring children in different age groups measured at the same time.
Comparing the memory of a group of 7 yr olds, 9 yo, 11 yo
Pro: Relatively fast and inexpensive to conduct
Cons- Cohort effects
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Cohort |
Group of people born at the same time, exposed to similar cultural, historical contexts while growing up
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Longitudinal Design |
Same group of participants measured at different ages
Cons: Expensive, time-consuming
Participants may be lost over time
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Sequential Design |
Combines cross-sectional and longitudinal approaches, follows 2 or more cohorts for short longitudinal periods
Cons
More costly and time consuming than cross-sectional design
Can be very complex
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Nature vs Nurture |
genes vs environment?
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Activity vs Passivity |
Are children active or passive in their own development, do we influence the way we develop or not
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Continuity vs Discontinuity |
Do we develop gradually or do we develop in sudden abrupt stages
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Universality vs context-sepecificity |
Do we all develop in the same way or is development different fro each person or for different groups?
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Risk for mothers under 16 (2)
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Environmental effects such as poverty, poor nutrition, high stress, lack of prenatal care
Risk decrease with good prenatal care, social support
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Risk for mothers over 40 (4)
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More difficulty conceiving due to fewer eggs or less healthy eggs
Increased risk of miscarriage due to genetic abnormalities
Increased risk of genetic conditions like Down's Syndrome
Increased risk of complications during pregnancy/delivery
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Recommended Diet of Mother (2)
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Recommended gaining 25-35 pounds
Recommended taking prenatal vital and mineral supplement
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Effects of High Stress on baby |
Release of hormones can cross placental barrier and can cause long term effects for the baby such as increased risk of ADHD and anxiety
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Teratogens |
Any disease, drug, or environmental agent that can harm the prenatal organism. Same defect can by caused by different teratogens
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Cesarean sections |
Incision made through abdonominal wall and into uterus, 33% of babies are born via c-section
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Cons of C-Sections
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Infants born by C-section have greater risk of breathing difficulties
Longer recovery for mother
Mother at increased risk of infection, complications during future pregnancies
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Low birth rate
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Less than 5.5 pounds, very low birth rate is less than 2.25 pounds
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Preterm |
Born before 37 weeks, babys born after 25 weeks have a 50% chance of survival
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Small for date |
Birth weight far below normal, even when born full term. At greater risk for complications
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Complications caused by low birth weight (5)
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Breathing difficulties
Underdeveloped sensory systems
Difficulty forming secure attachments to caregivers
Learning difficulties, lower IQs
Higher risk for heart disease, type 2 diabetes, asthma
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Post mature infants |
Still not born 2 week past the due date
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Risk for Post mature infants (3)
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Placenta functioning diminished, less amniotic fluid
Larger baby = more difficult delivery
Fetus will aspirate poop water
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Apgar Test |
Used to assess newborn status by checking. Check once right after birth and again 5 minutes later.
Apgar score of 7-10= good, 4 or lower= need medical attention
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APGAR stands for |
Appearance (color)
Pulse
Grimace (reflexes)
Activity (Muscle tone)
Respiration
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Maternity blues |
~50-80% of new mothers
Cry easily, moody, irritable
Last around 2 weeks
Due to hormonal changes
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Postpartum depression |
Feelings of depressing after birth that last longer than maternity blues
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Postpartum psychosis |
Beyond depression, can include hallucinations, delusions, and mania .
Very rare, symptoms typically begin quickly
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Authoritative Parenting |
self-reliant, self-controlled, friendly, cooperative, independent, achievement oriented
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Authoritarian Parenting |
withdraw, anxious, low self-esteem, lower academic performance, girls- very dependent on parents, boys- hostile, angry, defiant
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Permissive Parenting |
Dependent, low in social skills, impulsive, aggressive, disobedient, rebellious, low in achievement orientation, low academic performance
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Uninvolved Parenting |
worst outcomes, by age 3 higher in aggression, lower academic performance, anger, depression, more likely to be antisocial or deviant as teens
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Parent Effects Model |
Parents influence how child develops
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Child Effects Model |
Child influences parents and parenting style
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Transactional Model |
Parents and kids influence each other
- Although it appears parents appear to have more of an influence on their kids than kids have on them
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Best Formula for Good Parenting |
Warmth + Control = Best outcome most of the time
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Infant reflexes |
Unlearned involuntary response to stimuli
Present at birth or shortly after
Most fade during first year as brain matures
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Two Categories of Infant Reflexes |
Survival Reflexes
Primitive Reflexes
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Survival Reflexes |
Offer protection or satisfy basic survival needs
Ex) Breathing, eye-blink, swallowing, swimming
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Primitive Reflexes |
No clear survival value
Ex) Babinski reflex- stroking the bottom of a babies foot will cause its food to fan in and out
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Infant sleeping
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~70% of time spent sleeping, alert only 2-3 hours per day
By 3-7 months, most sleep for at least 6 hour stretches at night, nap 2-3 times per day
2 weeks before birth to 2 months after, ~50% of sleep is REM sleep
By 6 months, only 25-30% is REM sleep
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Cephalocaudal growth |
Proceeds from the head downward
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Proximodistal Growth |
Proceeds from middle of the body outward
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Hierarchical Integration |
Simple skills develop first, then are combined into complex skills
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Independence of Systems |
Different body systems develop at different rates
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Dynamic Systems Theory
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Development of motor skills involves coordination of a vast number of skills, body areas, environmental influences
Emphasizes the importance of babies’ motivation in development of motor skills
Environment can influence speed of development, within limits
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Locomotion Milestones (4) |
Roll over: 2-4 months
Sit w/o support: 6 months
Crawling: 8-10 months
Walking: 11-13 months
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Manipulative Objects Milestone (6)
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Grasping reflex gone 2-4 months
Voluntary reaching: 3 months
Ulnar grasp (grasp thing between fingers and palm: 4-6 months
Pincer grasp (grasp things between thumb and forefinger): 8-9 months
Scribble with crayon: 16 months
Copy simple line, build with blocks: 2 years
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Fontanelles |
Places where bone of skull meet (soft spots)
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Neuron proliferation |
Neurons multiply very rapidly (250,000 neurons per minute)
10-20 weeks gestation = most rapid proliferation
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Glial cells |
Cells that support nuerons
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Brain growth spurt (7 mo- 2 years) |
Due to rapid production of glial cells
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Myelination |
Neurons coated with myelin which helps speed transmission, isn't fully finished until early 20's
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Synaptogenesis |
Production of synapses, start with few connections between neurons, from birth -2 connections multiply rapidly
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Synaptic Pruning |
Loss of synapses by neurons that are rarely stimulated
----Deprivation of experience has negative impact on brain
Chimps raised in darkness are impacted very negatively
----Enrichment can have positive impact
Rats in enriched environment are benefit greatly in regards to brain development
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Plasticity |
Degree to which a devleoping structure/behavior is modifiable due to experience
Neural plasticity greatest during first several years of life
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Preferential Looking |
Measures which stimuli an infant prefers to look at
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Assumptions with Infant Perception |
Assumes stimulus they look at longer is the one they prefer
Preference for one stimulus- implies ability to tell them apart
No preference- Harder to interpret
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Habituation |
Losing interest in stimuli that is presented over and over
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High-amplitude sucking methods |
Infants learn to vary their sucking rate to make stimuli appear
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Infant vision |
Can detect changes in brightness and can detect large differences between colors at birth
prefer blues/greens
Can't discriminate different shades of same color until after 4 months
Can track slow moving objects
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Infant vision Preferance |
Faces
Circles, curves
Patterned objects
Contour-shape boundaries between light and dark
Movement
Moderate complexity
Mother's face
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Infant Depth Perception |
Babies do have depth perception, they blink when objects approach face
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Visual Cliff Experiment |
Baby was placed on one side of plexiglass that looked solid, and the other half was clear and see-through. Infants were encouraged to move over to the clear side of the plexiglass.
6 mo or older only 10% of babies crossed to the clear side
2 mo olds showed a heart rate dropped when over the clear side
Suggest they can perceive change in depth but aren't afraid of falling
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Infant Hearing |
Hearing is better developed than vision
Can localize sounds but not as well as adults
Are as good as adults by 1
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Infant Hearing Preferences |
Complex sounds
Infant directed speech
Mother's voice
Mother's native language to other language
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Infant Speech Perception |
Can distinguish phonemes of all languages
Recognize mother's voice within 3 days after birth
By 4 1/2 months, turn head toward sound of own name
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