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PSYC 4220: TEST 4
Industry |
Developing a sense of competence at skills and social rules important to your culture
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Inferiority |
Pessimism and lack of confidence in own ability to do things well
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Industry in childhood is more closely correlated to what than IQ? |
Adult success
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Self-Concept in Middle Childhood
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Start to give some psychological descriptors
Start dividing self-concept into multiple parts
Start engaging in social comparison
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Self-Esteem in Middle Childhood |
Increases steadily during middle childhood, with slight drop at 12
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Mastery-oriented attributions |
Credit success to high ability, failure to insufficient effort
Leads to high self-esteem & willingness to approach challenging tasks
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Learned Helplessness |
Credit success to external factors (ex luck), failure to low ability
Leads to low self-esteem, anxiety in face of challenges, giving up
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Stages of Relationships with Peers (3) |
1) Basing friendship on other's behaviors (4-7)
2) Basing Friendship on Trust (8-10)
3) Basing friendship on Psychological Closeness (11 and up)
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Peer Groups |
Social units who generate values, standards for behavior and a social hierarchy
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Peer Acceptance |
Extent to which a child is viewed by a group of peers as a worthy social partner
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Categories of Peer Acceptance (5) |
1) Popular- often liked, rarely disliked
2) Rejected- rarely liked, often disliked
3) Neglected- neither liked nor disliked
4)Controversial- liked by many, disliked by many
5) Average- some like, some dislike, in the middle
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Border work |
Briefly interacting with the opposite gender group to help define boundaries between groups
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Brain Development in Middle Childhood
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Cont. pruning of unused synapses
Growth and myenlination of stimulated neurons speeds up
Connections between areas of the brain strengthen
Maturation of the limbic system happens before the maturation of the prefrontal cortex
Neurons become more responsive to excitatory neurotransmitters
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Circadian Rhythm shifts in Middle Childhood |
Get sleepy later, want to wake up later
Still need 9 hours of sleep but often do not get it
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Adolescent growth spurt |
Period of rapid growth when body takes on adult proportions
Cephalocaudal principles reverses
Adolescence grow distal to inner
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Female Development
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Start 10.5
Fastest for height age 12, weight 12.5
Finish: 16
Develop more fat in breasts, hips; hips widen
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Male Development
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Start 13
Fastest for height age 13.5, weight 14
Finish 18-20
Develop more muscle mass, broader shoulders
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Puberty |
Biological change resulting in sexual, reproductive maturity
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Female Puberty
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Starts @9-11: development of breast buds
Menarche (first menstruation)- average in US is 12.5
Other changes
Hair growth
Widening of hips, rounding of body
Maturation of reproductive organs
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Male Puberty
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Begins @11-12 with enlargement of testes
Scrotum thickens, testes fully descend
Spermarche (initial ejaculation)- average age of 13
SPerm production- average age 14
Other changes
Increase in muscle mass
Hair growth
Voice changes
Sexual organs mature
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Secular Trend |
Shift in pattern of characteristics over time
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Formal operations |
Develop Hypotheticodeductive reasoning and inductive reasoning
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Hypotheticodeductive reasoning |
Can make hypotheses about objects/events that are not real
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Inductive Reasoning |
Ability to go from specific observations to broad generalizations
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Adolescent egocentrism |
State of self-absorption in which the world is viewed from one's own point of view
Imaginary audience
Personal fable
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Imaginary Audience |
Belief that everyone around is as interested in their thought and behaviors as they are
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Personal Fable |
Part of adolescent egocentrismt hat involves feeling special, unique, invincible
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Realativistic Thinking |
Realizing knowledge if subjective and relative
Teens are absolutists
Adults may be relativist
Students get more relativistic during college years
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Moral Reasoning |
Thinking process that occurs when we decide what is right/wrong
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Kohlberg Tests |
Tested people by asking how they would respond to moral dilemmas
Actual decision isn't as important as reasons why they made decision
Reason why is what determines stages
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Preconventional Morality |
Rules are external rather than internalized
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Conventional Morality |
Guided by internalized morals
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Postconventional Morality |
Develop broadly defined ethical principles not set by authority
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Stages of Morality
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Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment orientation
Stage 2: Instrumental Hedonism
Stage 3: Good boy or good girl morality
Stage 4: Authority & Social-order maintaining morality
Stage 5: Social contract orientation
Stage 6: Morality of individual principles of conscience
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Identity |
Mature self-definition, sense of who one is, where one is going how one fits into society
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Identity Crisis |
A time of uncertainty, anxiety about identity
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Marcia's Identity Statuses |
Identity diffusion- haven't experienced, not committed
Identity Foreclosure- haven't experienced, committed
Identity moratorium- experienced, not commited
Identity achievement- experienced, committed
Achievement = closer relationships, higher self esteem, achievement motivation, C& moral reasoning
Diffusion = increased depression, low self esteem, academic problems, anti-social acts, drug abuse
Foreclosure= happy, but greater need for social approval, dogmatic/inflexible thinking style
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Cliques |
A small group of friends who interact regularly
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Crowds |
Large group of peers who have similar stereotyped reputations, values, attitudes, behaviors, ways of expressing themselves
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Coregulation |
A period in which children and parents jointly control children's behavior
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Sibling Rivalry |
Competing or quarreling with one siblings, most intense when similar in age and same sex
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Self-Cared Child |
Children who let themselves into their own homes after school and wait alone until parents return from work
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Role Ambiguity |
Roles and expectations are unclear
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Anorexia Nervosa |
Individuals refuse to eat
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Bulimia |
Binging, eating large amounts of food, followed by purging of the food by vomiting or using laxatives
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Addictive Drugs |
Drugs that produce a biological or psychological dependence in users, leading to increasingly powerful cravings for them
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Binge Drinking |
Men drinking 5 or more drinks in one sitting and women drinking 4 drinks in one sitting
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Alcoholics |
Learn to depend on alcohol and are unable to control their drinking
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Trichomoniasis |
Infection in the vagina or penis that is caused by a parasite, intially without symptoms but can cause painful discharge
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Academic disidentification |
Lack of personal identification with an academic domain
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Cluster Suicide |
One suicide leads to attempts by others to kill themselves
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Autonomy |
Independence and sense of control over their lives
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Generation gap |
A deep divide between parents and children in attitudes, values, aspirations, and worldviews
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Reference Group |
Groups of people with whom one compares oneself
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Sex Cleavage |
Boyds hang out with boys, girls with girls, before puberty, after puberty they see other gender with more interest in terms of personality and sexuality
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Peer Pressure |
The influence of one's peers to conform to their behavior and attitudes
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Transgendered |
People feel they were born the wrong physical sex
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