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GHY 104:Review
Geography
|
… the science that studies the relationships among:
natural systems
geographic areas
society
cultural activities
and the interdependence of all of these OVER TIME AND/OR SPACE.
|
Why Study Geography?
|
Geographers desire to explore/understand the world
HOLISTIC NATURE of geography enables us to study our biggest challenges
For example:
climate change, loss of biodiversity, globalization, poverty, and conservation of natural resources
|
Mark Twain ""
|
"Climate is what we expect, weather is what we get"
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Spatial Analysis
|
Used by geographers to study
PATTERNS & PROCESSES
....on the Earths Surface
|
Biogeographer may...
(spatial analysis example)
|
Analyze the PATTERNS in the distribution of certain plants by investigating PROCESSES that may have caused the distribution...
-climate
-soils
-continental drift etc.
|
Earths Four Spheres
|
Atmosphere
Hydrosphere
Lithosphere
Biosphere
|
Atmosphere
|
-Gaseous layer that surrounds the earth
All aspects of weather and climate
|
hydrosphere:
|
covers all aspects of
water
&
bodies of water.
|
Lithosphere
|
the solid Earth
sculpted into various landforms.
|
Biosphere
Oblate Spheroid
|
The shape of the Earth. Lager at center than at poles
NEWTON IN 1687:
equatorial bulge from centrifugal force
|
Latitude
Longitude
Prime Meridian
Meridian
Greenwich, England
Arc
|
The shortest distance between any two points on the planet
(or portion) of a great circle!
|
Standard Time
&
Time Zones
|
Necessary for coordination of international trade, airline schedules, business, and daily living
Human construction; Still places with no conception of
time
Setting time not a problem in small European countries,
but a big problem in NA
Notice China…
|
International Date Line
|
the 180° meridian
(opposite the prime meridian)
place where a new day begins
– a 24-hour adjustment is made when you cross this line
|
Time Zones
|
Earth revolves at a rate of about 15° longitude per
hour: 360° per 24-hour day
This is the basis for 24 time zones, each 15° wide
National boundaries and other political considerations also shape time zones
|
Earths Orbit
|
Avg distance from Earth to Sun is
150,000,000 km (93,000,000 mi)
Perihelion
-closest at January 3 147,255,000 km (91,500,000 mi)
Aphelion
– farthest at July 4 152,083,000 km (94,500,000 mi)
|
8 min 20 sec
|
Time it takes energy to reach earth from the sun
|
Plane of the Ecliptic
|
is the plane of
EARTHS ORBIT
|
Shape of Earths orbit
|
Elliptical
|
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
|
Radiant energy from Sun moves to Earth fast!
The energy itself can be broken down into several parts, known as the
electromagnetic spectrum.
Keep in mind, energy is emitted
|
Sun Radiates
|
Shortwave Energy
Shorter Wavelengths =Higher Energy
|
Earth Radiates (and everything on it)
|
Longwave Energy
Longer wavelengths= lower energy
|
Surface of Sun
|
Hotter, short, wavelengths
|
Surface of Earth
|
Cooler, Longer, Wavelengths
|
Reasons for Seasons
|
Revolution
Rotation
Tilt of the Earth��s axis
Axial parallelism
Sphericity
|
Revolution
|
Earth revolves around the sun
takes one year @ 107,280 km/h
Forms Plane of the Elliptic
|
Rotation
|
24 Hours to complete one rotation at 1041 mph at equator
|
Tilt of Earths Axis
|
Connects N and S Poles
AXIS IS TILTED AT 23.5º FROM
-PLANE OF THE ELLIPTIC
|
Axial parallelismm
|
Axis maintains alignment during orbit around the Sun
The Earths axis points toward the North Star
(Polaris) always, always, always!
|
Sphericity
|
Produces uneven receipt of insolation
Do locations on the equator have well defined seasons?
|
Subsolar Point
|
Point on EARTHS SURFACE where sun is DIRECTLY OVERHEAD ....
forming 90º angle
|
Circle of Illumination
|
Circle that separates the earth into a sunlit hemisphere and a dark hemisphere
"great circle"
|
Aphelion
|
occurs July 4th;
the farthest from the sun (aphelium)
|
Perihelion
|
aroundJanuary 3rd
because of tilted axis;
closest from the sun
|
electromagnetic spectrum
|
the arrangement of types of radiation
from long wavelengths to short wavelengths
|
Shortwave Energy
|
energy radiated from the sun
|
Shorter wavelength has ________ energy
|
higher energy
|
Longwave energy
|
radiates from everything on Earth
|
Roy G Biv
|
Red,
Orange,
Yellow,
Green,
Blue,
Indigo,
Violet;
is the preneumonic help you remember color order
|
Declination
important for calculating the angle of the sun at any point on the Earth; depends where you are
|
important for calculating the angle of the sun at any point on the Earth;
depends where you are
|
Weather patterns all derive from the?
|
Tilt
|
What happen in the Electromagnetic spectrum?
|
Radiant energy from the sun moves to Earth fast;
energy can be broken down into different wavelengths
|
Once shortwaves absorbed, it reabsorbed back into the earth as?
|
longwave radiation
|
What are the two shortest wavelengths?
|
violet and blue
|
What makes it really cold at the North and South poles?
|
oblique shape
|
The tropics have ___ to ___ more energy than the poles.
|
2.5 to 3xs
|
Why are the hotspots water?
|
Water takes longer to heat up and longer to release heat.
|
There is ___ in the tropics.
|
high radiation
|
There is _____ in the north poles.
|
low radiation
|
Seasonality___as distance ___.
|
increase, decrease
|
What is found in the tropics between 23.5 degrees north and south?
|
sub-solar point
|
Direct rays of the sun are ___.
|
23.5 north (Tropic of Cancer)
|
Daylight is equal across the surface of the earth during the _______ equinox.
|
September
|
the sub-solar point in on the equator during the ___ equinox.
|
March
|
Sub-solar point is at Capric during the ___ solstice.
|
Winter
|
Which solstice occurs during December 21 or 22?
|
Winter solstice
|
Which equinox occurs during March 20 or 21?
|
Spring Equinox
|
Which solstice occurs during June 20 or 21?
|
Summer solstice
|
Moon and Earth rotates ___. At the poles, the velocity is ___.
|
clockwise; 0 degrees
|
The sub-solar point is located directly on the _______.
|
Equator
|
The sun therefore travels ___ degrees north to south between a complete year.
|
23.5 N and S during
|
Sub-solar point is at the tropic of Cancer during which solstice?
|
Summer solstice
|
The poles experience has __ weeks of dawn and weeks of twilight, and ____ months of daylight.
|
7
2
5
|
Earths Atmospheric Profile
|
Composition
Temperature
Function
|
_____ is like a thin envelope. It protects us from harmful rays from the sun.
|
Atmosphere
|
Gravity causes air molecules to create ____.
|
air pressure (force/unit area)
|
When there is more dense at the surface, ___ changes.
|
pressure
|
As altitude ___, pressure ___.
|
increase; decrease
|
Heterosphere
The outermost region of the atmosphere based on composition; gases sorted out in different layers by gravity
|
The outermost region of the atmosphere based on composition; gases sorted out in different layers by gravity
|
Homosphere
|
inner atmosphere; evenly blended gases; everything is the same
|
Exosphere
|
CFC's
|
Which two gases make up 99% of the atmosphere?
|
nitrogen and oxygen
|
nitrogen and oxygen
Which gas is the most abundant and make up 78% of the Earth's atmosphere and comes from volcanic eruptions?
|
Nitrogen
|
Which gas make up 20% of the Earth's atmosphere and is important for photosynthesis?
|
oxygen
|
CFC's
|
inert at surface;
Valuable propellants don't react with anything and don't dissolve by anything
- Stay in atmosphere but is broken down
|
What is the normal laspe rate?
|
average cooling rate of 6.4ºC /1000 m
|
Environmental lapse rate
|
actual laspe rate at anytime and place
(deviates because local weather conditions vary)
|
In the normal lapse rate, as altitude ___, temperature ____ at the troposphere.
|
increase; decreases
|
Tropopause
|
TROPOSPHERSE UPPER LIMIT
- Ever changing atmosphere; it is not static
- There are some disruptions (hurricanes, volcanos)
- Marked warming in the Stratosphere caused it to act as a lid
- Prevent cooler denser air below from mixing with warmer, less denser air in the start
|
Troposphere
|
all the earth's weather take place of the atmosphere;
marked by temperature;
varies across the surface of the earth
|
Stratosphere
|
temperature increases with altitude from -70F at the tropopause to 32F at stratopause
- because it is at the ozone
- ozone molecules absorb heat (18 to 50 km)
- marked by an increase in temperature
|
Stratopause
|
outer boundary between Mesosphere and Stratosphere
|
Mesophere
|
receives meteoric dust that creates in which ice crystals form
|
Mesopause
|
upper layer of Mesosphere,
coldest part of the atmosphere;
has noctilucent clouds
|
Noctilucent Clouds
|
Thin bands of ice clouds in the Mesosphere/thermosphere
|
Thermosphere
|
heat sphere; roughly the same as heterosphere; thin atmosphere
- Cause frictional drag on satellites that are at low orbit
- Really cold here because no oxygen
- Solar energy (radiation) causes kinetic energy (high)
|
Thermopause
|
upper portion of the atmosphere in Thermosphere
|
Ozonosphere
|
part of Stratosphere
|
What absorb UV energy and convert it to heat energy (infrared radiation with longer wavelengths)?
|
Ozone
|
Ionosphere
|
outer functional layer that absorbs mainly positive rays and many harmful rays
(cosmic rays, gamma rays, x-rays, UV rays)
|
What changes energy into positive charged ions and used to reflect radio waves?
|
Ionosphere
|
What contributes to the Antarctic ozone hole and have a long residence time (40-100 years)?
|
CFCs
|
What chemical compound is a by product of chemical reactions that involve CFC's?
|
ClO
(Chlorine monoxide)
|