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PSYC 1103: EXAM 3
What does the sympathetic nervous system do?
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Arouses (fight or flight)
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What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?
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Calms (relaxation and healing)
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Why is emotion hard to measure?
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-same response may indicate different emotions
-some people are capable of masking emotions
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What is the James-Lange Theory of emotion?
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Emotion= perception of physiological arousal (stimuli>>arousal>>feeling)
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What are the limitations of the James-Lange theory?
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Same reaction could come from different stimuli (eg increased heart rate could be anger or fear)
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What is the Cannon-Bard Theory?
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Emotional and physiological reactions occur simultaneously
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Limitation of Cannon-Bard
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Sees emotion as primitive and instinctual, thus at odds with rational thought and reason
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What is the Two-Factor Theory (Schacter/Singer)?
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Two factors: physiological arousal, cognitive labeling. Interpret physiological arousal in light of external cues/context.
cognitive attribution >> label emotion
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What is the facial feedback hypothesis?
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Facial expression can influence emotion
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What study supports the facial feedback hypothesis?
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Pencil Study. Patients would hold pencil in teeth (force smile) or lips (force frown) and watch cartoons. Teeth patients reported more enjoyment than lip patients.
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What are display rules
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Culturally based rules for when, where and how emotions should be expressed
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What are the direct and indirect pathways involved in the emotion of fear?
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Direct: thalamus >> amygdala (faster)
Indirect: Thalamus >> sensory cortex >> amygdala (more detailed)
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What is the evolutionary approach to behavior
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Instincts: innate, universal pattern of behavior
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What is the drive reduction theory?
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Need >> Drive >> Behavior
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What is the optimum arousal theory
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Yerkes-Dodson Law: "Just right" level of arousal- there is a perfect level of stress to motivate you
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What is Binge Eating Disorder
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Recurrent episodes of compulsively eating too much food
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What is anorexia nervosa
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Relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation.
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Characteristics of Anorexia Nervosa
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Less than 85% of normal weight, fear of gaining weight, distorted body image
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What is Bulimia Nervosa
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Binge and purge (usually vomiting)
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Characteristics of Bulimia Nervosa
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Preoccupied with food. Fearful, depressed, anxious
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What are the 5 steps in Maslow's Heirarchy of Needs from bottom to top
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Physiological, Safety, Love/ Belongingness, Esteem, Self-Actualization
Lower steps must be met before moving up
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What is the Self-Determination Theory
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Three basic needs: competance, relatedness, autonomy. Free choice in behavior is key
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What is the hedonic treadmill
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Human happiness adapts to our experience (baseline of happiness moves)
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What is person perception
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using social cues to form impressions of others
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What faces are physically attractive and what is the "beautiful is good" stereotype
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We like average faces. Beautiful is good= assume that beautiful people have good traits
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What is attribution theory
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attempt to discover underlying causes of behavior
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What is fundamental attribution error
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Errors in judging other's behavior. Usually overestimate impact of internal traits and underestimate the importance of external causes
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What is stereotype threat?
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A self-fulfilling fear about being judged on the basis of a negative stereotype about your group
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When and how do we make social comparisons
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We make them by evaluating ourselves in relation to other people when no object means are available
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What is cognitive dissonance theory
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discomfort caused by dissonant thoughts (attitudes vs behavior)
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What is self-perception theory
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Individuals make inferences about their own attitudes by perceiving their own behavior, especially if their attitudes are unclear
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What is a self-serving bias
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tendency to take credit for success and deny responsibility for failure
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What is the false consensus effect?
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overestimating the degree to which everyone else thinks or acts the way we do
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What is prosocial behavior
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Actions that benefit another person
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What is altruism
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An unselfish interest in helping someone else
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What is the empathetic-altruism hypothesis
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helping purely for the sake of helping
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what is the empathetic-joy hypothesis
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helping out of joy received from observing other's needs being met
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What is the negative-state relief model
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Help to relieve negative emotions experienced in viewing others in need
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What is the bystander effect
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Individuals are less likely to help when there are other people around
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What is diffusion of responsiblity
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If there's more potential helpers then each person feels less individually responsible
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What is the hostile attribution bias
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Interpreting others' intentions as hostile, even when they're ambiguous
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What are the differences between reactive and proactive aggression
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Reaction: emotionally driven retaliation
Proactive: Calculated, unemotional aggression
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Compare overt vs relational aggression
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Overt: physical attacks, direct verbal attacks (commonly males)
Relational: Harm others by way of social relationships (commonly females)
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What are ingratiation and foot-in-the-door
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Compliance tactics. Ingratiation: efforts to get others to like us. Foot in door: smaller request followed by larger request
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What is door-in-the-face and thats-not-all
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Compliance techniques. Door in face: large request, followed by smaller request. That's not all: offer made in increments without opportunity to respond
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What factors influence conformity
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International social influence: desire to be right
Normative social influence: desire to be liked, not make waves
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What factors influence obedience
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Power, responsibility, gradation, lack of models
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What is group think and why is it bad?
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Impaired decision making due to striving for group harmony. Done at expense of making the right decision
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Compare social facilitation and social loafing
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Social facilitation: better performance in presence of others
Social loafing: exert less effort when in a group
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What is the IAT
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Implicit associations test: examines attitudes that exist on a deeper, hidden level and are not outwardly expressed
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What are the explanations about prejudice
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Competition between groups and stereotypes (in group is heterogeneous, but out-group is homogeneous)
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What is Allport's Contact Hypothesis
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Contact under optimal conditions improves intergroup relations
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What did the Sherif's robbers cave study
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Having groups work together is effective in improving relations
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What is sexual orientation
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direction of erotic interests- refers to more than just sexual behavior
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What factors influence sexual orientation
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brain development, prenatal hormones (testosterone absorption) and genetics
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What do we know about psychological, relationship and family functioning of homosexuals
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Psych: no difference besides challenges facing discrimination
Relationships: greater satisfaction, more likely to end relationships
Families: less likely to have children, but children turn out no different
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Key differences in sexuality
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Women: more selective, more aroused by touch, more likely to engage in bisexuality
Men: aroused by what they see, think about sex more, less fidelity
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Differentiate fetishes and paraphilias
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Fetish: object or activity that arouses sexual desire
Paraphilia: when fetishes are too extreme and become disorders by being harmful
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What factors influence attraction
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Proximity, reciprocity, physical health, similarity
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What are the two models of close relationships
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Social exchange theory: success of relationship a function of felt equity
Investment model: commitment to partener and investment in relationship. Lack of attractive alternatives
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