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NUSC 1165: EXAM 3
Classification of Lipids
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1) sterols
2) triglycerides
3) phospholipids
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Sterols
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-cholesterol
-cholesterol function: sex
hormones, produces vitamin D
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Triglycerides
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-95% of fat
-major storage form of fat
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Triglycerides as fatty acids: Unsaturated
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Unsaturated if it has a double bond
-only one double bond= monounsaturated
-at least two double bonds= polyunsaturated
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Triglyceride Structure
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glyceride connects fatty acid through an ester linkage
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Sterol Structure
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Hexagons, looks like shapes, is a sterol because of the HO at beginning of chain
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Phospholipid Structure
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looks like triglyceride, but has P in the structure for phosphorus
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Essential Fatty Acids: Linoleic Acid vs Linolenic Acid
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Linoleic: 2 double bonds, polyunsaturated (omega 6)
Linolenic: 3 double bonds (omega 3)
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Cis vs Trans Fatty Acids
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Cis: hydrogens on same side
Trans: hydrogens on opposite sides
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Question 19
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Answer: A
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What transports lipids/fat to the blood?
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lipoproteins
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Types of lipoproteins:
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-chylomicron
-VLDL (very low density lipoprotein)
-LDL (low density lipoprotein)
-HDL (high density lipoprotein)
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Chylomicrons primarily contain:
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triglycerides
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VLDL primarily contains:
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triglycerides
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LDL primarily contains:
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cholesterol
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HDL primarily contains:
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protein |
Functions of lipids:
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-energy
-membrane protection
-hormone production
-myelin
-insulation (body temp)
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Reducing LDL: how much do you need to reduce?
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20-30%
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Reducing LDL: saturated fat
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decrease to less than 7% of calories= reduces 8-10% LDL
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Reducing LDL: dietary cholesterol
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decrease to less than 200 mg/day= 3-5% LDL reduced
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LDL Reduction: Weight
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lose 10 pounds if overweight= 5-8% LDL reduced
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LDL Reduction: soluble fiber
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ADD 5-10 grams per day= 3-5% LDL reduced
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LDL reduction: Plant sterols
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ADD 2 grams per day= 5-15% LDL reduced
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Dietary factors in CVD: Saturated fatty acids
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restrict saturated fatty acids because:
-it increases LDL cholesterol
-restrict butter
-restrict red meat
-restrict salad dressing
-restrict tropical oils (coconut oil)
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Dietary Factors in CVD: Polyunsaturated fatty acids
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restrict saturated fatty acids because:
-it increases LDL cholesterol
-restrict butter
-restrict red meat
-restrict salad dressing
-restrict tropical oils (coconut oil)
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Dietary Factors in CVD: Trans-fatty acids
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-worse than saturated fat
-restrict croissants and chips
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Dietary Factors in CVD: Total Fat
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-more total fat= more calories
-leads to obesity and high blood pressure
-increases cholesterol levels
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Dietary Factors in CVD: Dietary Cholesterol
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doesn't play that big of a role
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Dietary Factors in CVD: B Vitamins
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Vitamin B12 and Folate
-folate beneficial because it lowers homocystene level in your blood
-lowers oxidative stress and decreases damage to blood vessels
-get folate through citrus (oranges) and enriched grains (oatmeal)
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Dietary Factors in CVD: Fiber
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Soluble fiber*
-lowers heart disease and stroke
-soluble fiber decreases blood cholesterol
-oatmeal and oranges
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Dietary Factors in CVD: Alcohol
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red wine
-increases HDL
-1 drink per day for females, 2 drinks per day for males
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Dietary Factors in CVD: Coffee
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-tanins/antioxidants reduce oxidative stress, decaf
-green tea is the best
-antioxidants through fruits and vegetables
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Dietary Factors in CVD: Calcium
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can help lower blood pressure
-low fat dairy
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Dietary Factors in CVD: Stanols/ Sterols
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works like fiber by reducing blood cholesterol
-benecol and margarine
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Monounsaturated Fatty Acids
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lowers blood cholesterol
-olive oil and canola oil
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Antioxidant supplements
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don't do shit
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Inborn errors of Metabolism
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Maple Syrup Defect
PKU (ketone urea)
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How are all amino acids similar?
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all have COOH (carboxylic acid)
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Functions of Protein: Structural
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-Collagen: protein that lines blood vessels and makes up your skeleton
-Keritin: nails and hair
-Actin/Myosin: muscles
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Functions of Protein: Regulatory
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-enzymes
-hormones (insulin and glucagon)
-receptors
-transporters (albumin and hemoglobin)
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Functions of Protein: Energy
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self explanatory my nigga
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Albumin
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when you're not getting enough protein, albumin decreases
-after 21 days, albumin levels reach below normal
-Pre-albumin better to detect than albumin
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Method 1: Nitrogen balance formula
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Nitrogen balance= intake - outtake + 4g
-intake through dietary protein
-outtake through urine
-4g lost through skin/sweat/hair
-getting enough protein= 0
-then convert nitrogen to protein, multiply by 6.25
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Method 2: Body weight calculation
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body weight/2.2 x .75
-body weight (kg) x .75
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Greatest source of essential amino acids in diet:
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Animal proteins
-whole egg
-milk
-egg white
-beef
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Semi-Vegetarian
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-includes dairy, eggs, chicken, fish
-excludes beef and pork
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Lacto-ovo-vegetarian
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-includes dairy product and eggs
-excludes any animal flesh
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Lacto-vegetarian
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-includes dairy products
-excludes eggs and animal flesh
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Ovo-vegetarian
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-includes eggs
-excludes dairy products and animal flesh
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Pros/Cons of Vegetarian Diets
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Pros: saturated fat from animals, so lower cholesterol levels
Cons: protein malnutrition, anemia (lack of B12 and iron), lack of calcium and vitamin D
-vegetarians recommended to take supplements
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Protein Malnutrition: Kwashiorkor
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infant has huge stomach but plenty of muscles
-lacking protein (albumin not doing its job)
-but adequate calories
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Protein Malnutrition: Marasmus
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infant looks like a stick figure, lacks muscle
-lacks protein
-lacks calories
-basically starvation
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