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Exam 1: ANSC 210
Benefits of Companion Animals (5) |
1. health
2. mental and physical stimulation
3. friendship
4. security
5. pest control |
History of CA (3) |
1. domesticated 15,000 yrs ago
2. cats=6,000 yrs ago
3. domesticated for work, but now pets and used for breeding and evolution |
Pet food Industry (6) |
1. before people just used food scraps
2. 1860- first dog food
3. Cruft expanded business to promote food at dog shows
4. Dr. Whitney developed food and tested for completeness
5. can food emerged in 1920's
6.Dr. Corbin made first extruded food (dry food) |
Pet Supply Industry(2) |
1. products that enhance quality of life
2. Big Companies: Hartz, Hillscience, Petco, and Petsmart |
Pet Healthcare Companies (3) |
1. vaccines and pharmaceuticals
2. Merial is largest
3. Bayer and Fort Dodge Co others |
Dog Breeds (4) |
1. breeds are genetically and phenotypically similar
2. you can predict: growth, nutritional needs, disease susceptibility, cost, behavior
3. Most states don't have state dogs (Tx=blue lacey) |
AKC (4) |
1. 1884
2. devoted to the advancement of purebred dogs
3. recognizes 169
4. Groups: sporting, hounds, terrier, working, toy, non-sporting, herding, and miscellaneous |
Labrador Retriever (4) |
1. waterfowl retriever
2. playful, active
3. prone to hip dysplasia
4. easy to train |
German Shepard (4) |
1. guard dog from Germany
2. courageous, loyal
3. prone to hip dysplasia
4. very trainable |
Yorkshire Terrier (4) |
1. inquisitive
2. needs grooming
3. trainable but can be difficult
4. long live
|
Beagle (3) |
1. pack hound from UK
2. gentle, clever
3. stubborn, especially in training |
Golden Retriever (4) |
1. british origin
2. devoted, outgoing
3. prone to hip dysplasia and eye defects
4. easy to train and needs exercise/grooming |
Bulldog (5) |
1. British Isles
2. gentle and protective
3. prone to overheating b/c short nose (brachicephalie)
4. forms strong bonds
5. little to no exercise |
Boxer (3) |
1. Germany, multiple uses
2. playful, curious, patient
3. prone to tumors |
Poodle (5) |
1. French/ German
2. 3 sizes: standard, mini, toy
3. smart, proud
4. long lived but cataracts and skin conditions
5. lots of grooming |
Dachshund (6) |
1. german, bred to hunt badgers
2. 2 sizes :Standard and mini
3. 2 coats: long and short
4. spunky
5. long lived but can get injury from jumping
6. firm training |
Shih Tzu (6) |
1. old chinese breed
2. compatable
3. long lived but snore and lose teeth easily
4. spine disease
5. difficult to train
6. silky coats need grooming |
Mixed Breeds (6) |
1. used to be called mutts, mongrels
2. now called hybrids or designer dogs
3. cross of two breeds
4. has hybrid vigor
5. ACHC
6. can get breed tested |
Conformation Rules (5) |
1. must be older than 6 months
2. not neutered
3. AKC registered
4. meet breed characteristics
5. attain 15 points |
Performance (2) |
1. varied and more exhibitors
2. obedience, agility, earthdog, field hunting, gun dog, herding, lure cursing |
Advantages of Cats (5) |
1. small
2. clean
3. less expensive
4. easy to care for
5. low noise |
Cat Breeds (6) |
1. numerous
2. based on hair coat: color, length, texture
3. also body structure and behavior
4. many are recent developments
5. Domestic short hair most popular, then domestic longhair
6. 97% owned are non-pedigree |
Cat Fanciers Association (4) |
1. established in 1906
2. dedicated to preserve
3. 37 cat breeds
4. includes "household pets" |
Persian (3) |
1. smashed face
2. sweet and gentle
3. concerns: breathing, tearing, cardiomyopathy |
Main Coon (3) |
1. large, weather proof coat, hunters, oldest American breed
2. goofy
3. males bigger, grow 3-5 yrs |
Exotic (4) |
1. brachycephalic, dense double coat
2. colors: pointed, sepia, and mink
3. overflowing tear ducts
4. gentle and inquisitive |
Siamese (3) |
1. seal, chocolate, blue and lilac colors
2. very vocal and very affectionate
3. heart disease and liver amylodiosis |
Ragdoll (4) |
1. originated in Cali in 60's
2. PersianX Birman cross
3. large, affectionate, calm
4. named for relaxing completely when picked up |
Abyssinian |
1. extrovert, stubborn, and intelligent
2. Egypt |
Birman (3) |
1. gentle and quiet
2. from Burma
3. blue eyes, long hair q/ white feet |
American Shorthair (5) |
1. thick coat, huge round eyes
2. good w/ other pets and kids
3. no medical concerns
4. long-lived
5. use to be domestic shorthair |
Sphinx (2) |
1. hairless
2. bathe in oily skin and keep indoors
3. oriental like it but has points |
Scottish Fold (2) |
1. curled ears
2. quiet
|
Pocket Pets (4) |
1. increasing in popularity
2. inexpensive
3. most are crepuscular (active @ dawn and dusk
4. easy to care for |
Rodent Pets (2) |
1. 2 incisors that constantly grow and need trimming
2. Ex: mice/rats, gerbils, hamsters, guinea pigs, chinchillas |
Mice, Rats, and Hamsters (4) |
1. live 2-5 yrs
2. used in biomedical research
3. laboratory ones docile
4. pick up mice by tail, rats/ hamsters by body |
Hamsters (6) |
1. from Syria
2. "golden hamster"
3. live alone in rocky burrows
4. nocturnal
5. eat seeds and grain
6. escape artists- need hamster trap |
Dwarf Hamster (3) |
1. from Russia
2. different species
3. not as calm |
Gerbil (3) |
1. from Mongolian Desert
2. likes to dig
3. eats grain and seeds |
Mice/ Rats (3) |
1. from everywhere
2. eat everything-omnivores
3. altricial= born w/ no hair and eyes closed |
H/M/R/G Repro (5) |
1. repro champions
2. breed in 2 months
3. estrous every 4 days
4. m/r have more pups
5. gerbils = monogamous (intro by 12 wks) |
Guinea Pig (8) |
1. from S. America
2. still a meat source there
3. can grow to 2 lbs
4. related to chinchillas and porcupines
5. live 4-8 yrs
6. need to supplement Vit. C by parsley
7. can be noisy/ messy
8. precocial- fully furred and eyes open at birth |
G.P Repro (5) |
1. reproduce at 3 months
2. 16 day estrous cycle
3. 2-5 babies w/ 68 day gestation
4. breed sows by 6 months or pelvis too small
5. herbivores w/ cecal fermentation |
Chinchilla (7) |
1. bred for fur
2. coat is dense- kept clean by dust baths
3. clean and odorless
4. live 10 yrs
5. can get rabies
6. active!
7. Originated in Andes |
Chinchilla Repro (3) |
1. reproduce @ 8 months
2. 41 day estrous cycle
3. 1-5 kits in 111 day gestation |
Lagomorph- Rabbit (7) |
1. from Europe
2. plethora of sizes, colors, and coats
3. 2 pairs of upper incisors
4. herbivores
5. live 5-6 yrs
6. ingest cecotrophs at night for Vits and protein
7. can be trained |
A mad or scared rabbit will: |
1. stomp back feet
2. growl
3. scratch w/ back feet
4. spray urine |
Health of Rabbits (3) |
1. ever growing teeth
2. can have trichobezoars (gastric hairballs)
3. can have intestinal or hepatic coccidiosis (protazoa disease) |
Rabbit Repro (3) |
1. bucks and does repro at 6 months
2. does are induced ovulators
3. 4-10 kits in 30 day gestation |
Ferrets (9) |
1. carnivore
2. mustelid
3. live 5-10 yrs
4. domesticated for fur
5. excrete musk from anal glands but more descented
6. odorous sebaceous glands under androgen control
7. feed food low in fish oil and meat
8. can be littered trained
9. cages: 3X2X2 per ferret |
Ferret Repro (4) |
1. bobs and jills repro @ 8 months
2. induced ovulator
3. 8-10 kits in 42 day gestation
4. bred females get tough health problems- dystocial mastitis
|
Ferret Diseases (4) |
1. can get canine distemper and rabies
2. catch colds from people
3. heartworm
4. cancer is common- benign adrenal, pancreatic |
Ferrets Con't (3) |
1. cohabitate w/ dogs (Not terriers)
2. not w/ snakes or birds
3. concerns about feral so banned in some states (Ca, HI, NYC) |
Companion Birds good as pets b/c: (7) |
1. intelligent
2. easy to care and train
3. minimal grooming
4. highly social and bond to owners
5. fairly inexpensive
6. small space requirements
7. long-lived |
psittaciforms (2) |
1. 2 toes forward, 2 toes back
2. macaws, parrots, and cockatoos |
passeriforms (3) |
1. song birds of perching habitats
2. canaries and finches
3. 3 toes forward, 1 toe back |
Parakeet (3) |
1. Australian origin
2. several colors, 7in tall
3. can learn to talk or whistle/sing |
Cockatiel (4) |
1. related to cockatoos from Australia
2. 18-30 yrs, 12 in tall
3. usually grey w/ white patched of color
4. can learn to talk, whistle, or sing |
Finches (5) |
1. from Australia
2. 5-10 yrs, 3.5 in tall
3. numerous colors
4. easy to keep and breed
5. very active, need large cage to fly |
Canaries (5) |
1. Canary islands
2. 6-16 yrs, 5 in tall
3. yellow and other colors
4. sing
5. need large square cage to fly |
Lovebird (3) |
1. 9 species of small parrots from Africa
2. 5-15 yrs, 4-7 in tall
3. need to be tamed when purchased and need to be handled often
4. expensive |
African Gray (5) |
1. large, 50-65 yrs
2. very intelligent, good talkers, intuitive
3. require a lot of attention, need a large cage w/ things to climb
4. expensive
5. altricial offspring |
Macaw (4) |
1. from S. America
2. intelligent, fair talkers, active and play
3. 75-100 yrs
4. expensive |
Bird Physiology (7) |
1. preen and clean feathers daily
2. beaks grow constantly
3. mate via cloaca
4. excretion of feces and uric acid
5. higher body temp
6. has lungs and 8 air sacs in bones
7. nutritional needs vary
|
Bird Diseases (4) |
1. mites common
2. aspergillous- fungus in respiratory tract
3. chlamydiosis- bacterial, parrot fever is zoonotic, carrier bird may appear healthy
4. newcastles disease (avian distemper)- virus, highly contagious, affects respiratory, nervous, and digestive |
Reptiles (3) |
1. require a secure cage w/ heat source and hide out
2. require special food (depends on type)
3. breeding can be goal, demonstrating health |
Snakes (5) |
1. w/ lizards they are squamates
2. require secure cages w/ heat source and UV light for calcium metabolism
3. all carnivores or insectivores
4. easiest reptiles to keep
5. types: pythons, boas, garter, rat= do bite and have lots of bacteria in mouths/ excrete musk from cloaca (venomous= need permit) |
Ball Python (6) |
1. from Africa
2. 3-5 ft, 20-30 yrs
3. rolls into ball when threatened
4. eats rodents
5. good snake for beginners
6. inexpensive
|
Turtles (5) |
1. chelonians
2. shell is bone- vertebrae and modified ribs, covered by scales called scutes
3. no teeth but have horny beak
4. males have concave ventral shell, females are convex
5. need calcium and UV light for bone health |
Horse Industry (4) |
1. domesticated about 9,000 yrs ago
2.changed life of man: can travel longer distances/more efficiently hunt or do battle
3. used as work animals: transportation/ farm
4. now popular as companion animal: sporting, racing, showing, trail riding, hacking |
Hot Bloods (2) |
1. great sensitivity, intelligence
2.Arabians, Thoroughbreds
|
Cold Bloods (2) |
1. draft horse breeds
2. heavy muscled, calm |
Foal |
young horse of either sex, less than 1 yr |
yearling |
btw 1-2 yrs |
colt |
male horse less than 4 yrs |
filly |
female horse less than 4 yrs |
stallion |
intact male more than 4 yrs |
mare |
female horse more than 4 yrs |
gelding |
castrated male horse of any age |
Thoroughbred (2) |
1. race horses
2. athletic and fast |
Arabian (3) |
1. small w/ short black dished face
2. very agile, great stamina= endurance
3. oldest breed of horses |
Belgian (4) |
1. gentle, strong
2. heavy muscles
3. chestnuts or bays
4. worlds tallest living horse |
Clydesdale (2) |
1. long white feathers on legs
2. flashy, used for pulling carriages |
Percheron (3) |
1. mounts for war
2. sturdy horse
3. alert, intelligent, eager to please owners |
American Paint Horse |
1. calm temperament
2. coat patterns : overo, tobiano, solid |
American Quarter Horse (3) |
1. fast sprinters
2. AGHA- largest breed registry
3. popular |
American Standardbred |
1. commonly perform in harness racing |
Appaloosa |
1. derived from Palowe River
2. characteristics: eyes encircled w/ white, spots, striped hooves |
Morgan (3) |
1. American breed
2. used for riding and pulling carts
3. extremely versatile |
Mustang (2) |
1. descendents of early escaped spanish horses
2. surefooted and strong |
American Saddlebred |
1. Kentucky Saddler
2. flashy gaits
3. long, arched necks
|
Missouri Fox Trotter (2) |
1. travel long distances @ a trot
2. favorite for US forest services |
Paso Firo |
1. from S. America
2. prized smooth 4 beat gait
3. small and gentle |
Tennessee Walking Horse |
1. rocking chair canter
2. calm disposition
3. great endurance
|
Shetland Pony |
1. popular
2. developed to work mines |
Welsh Pony |
1. from Wales
2. popular for older children
3. sure-footed w/ sound feet
4. intelligent and calm |
Black/ Brown/Bay/Chestnut/ Sorrel Coat colors |
1. no red or brown hair
2. may appear black w/ brown hairs
3. reddish-brown w/ black mane/tail/legs
4. red horses, no black hair
5. yellow-shaded chestnut |
Palomino/ Gray/ Roans |
1. yellow hair w/ usually white mane/tail
2. dominant color, born dark then turns gray w/ age
3. white hairs interspersed w/ color hairs, dominant gene |
Common Markings (7) |
1. snip, star, stripe, blaze, boldface, sock, and stocking |
Safety (5) |
1. keep head away from top of neck and lower legs
2. to avoid being kicked: walk very close or very far from rear
3. biting
4. kicking
5. bucking: rearing, sitting back or breaking halters, cribbing |
Musculoskeletal System (3) |
1. conformation determined by skeletal frame and muscles
2. good conformation can allow long, useful life
3. 4 natural gaits: walk (4 bt), tro (2 bt and access lameness), canter (rocking 3 bt), gallop (4 bt) |
Lameness (5) |
1. sole abscess
2. stone bruise
3. ligament or tendon sprain
4. joint problem
5. vet used flexion tests and blocking to diagnose |
Teeth |
eruption and wear of incisors: used to estimate age of horses |
Repro (2) |
1. labor is short
2. newborn will stand and start searching for food and obtains colustrum |
Respiratory System (3) |
1. rate @ rest is 8-16 bts/ min
2. during work/ running rate is 1 breath/ stride
3. may exceed 100 breaths/ min |
Cardiovascular System |
heart rate of adult horse @ rest is 35-40 bts/ min and can exceed 200 for strenuous work |
Digestive System |
1. nonruminant herbivores
2. tract includes: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, Cecum!, large intestine, anus
3. bacterial fermentation of cellulose results in VFA's which are a major source of energy |
Nutrients (2) |
1. water- drink 6-12 gallons/ day
2. salt should be free choice, potassium, sulfur, magnesium, selenium, iodine, and copper |
Feeding |
1. consumes 25 lbs DM/ day
2. 1-3 acres of pasture/ horse= bermuda for TX
3. high quality forage is most important: fertilized, leafy and greenish, free of mold, dust, and weeds
4. grain can increase energy= "sweet feed"
5. textured, pellets
6. have small stomach- feed small amounts frequently
7. commercial feeds of other animals should NOT be fed |
Colic (3) |
1. abdominal pain
2. signs: not hungry, restlessness, looking at flank, lying down and getting up frequently, rolling
3. Types: digestive, spasmic or gas, sand, & impaction
4. treatment: benamine to ease pain, walking, call vet
5. minimize risk: good forage, limit intake of grain, clean water, adequate exercise, regulatory feed 2 times daily, and deworm regularly |
Facilities (2) |
1. pastures: most natural location, fences- post on outside, best is visible barrier w/ hot wire
2. stable w/ stalls: individualized feeding and care, good ventilation is essential, disadvantages: less natural exercise, less social interaction, total dependency on caregivers |
Grooming |
1. removed dead hair and dirt
2. improves circulation
3. improves sheen |
Hoof care |
1. trim every 6-8 wks
2. shoes add on extra cost |
dental |
1. grinding surfaces wear away
2. "floating" the teeth- using a rasp or file to remove rough edges and points |
External Parasites (2) |
1. horse bots: females lay eggs on front legs, belly and edge of mouth and larvae grow in stomach which causes ulcers
2. stable flies: look like house flies but are vicious biters, cause pain, transmit disease. treat by dispersal of manure, tiny parasitic wasps |
Internal Parasites |
1. more than 150 species
2. more ingested
3. large strongyles- bloodworms
4. small strongyles- cyathastomes
5. roundworms- ascarids
6. tapeworms
7. deworm every 4-6 months w/ anthelmintics or dewormers |
Tetanus |
1. caused by clastridium tetani
2. "lock jaw"- produced toxin that causes stiffness and spasms |
Encephalomyelitis |
1. sleeping sickness (WEE, EEE, and VEE)
2. transmitted by mosquitos |
West Nile |
1. transmitted by mosquitoes
2. vaccination recommended
|
Rabies |
1. virus attacks nervouse system cause paralysis and death
2. transmitted in saliva of infected animals |
EIA |
1. swamp fever
2. potentially fatal
3. no known cure or vaccine
4. Coggins Test (annual)
5. USDA requires life long quarantine if positive |
Laminitus
|
1. founder- to go lame
2. inflammaton of structures attaching hoof wall to coffin bone
3. extremely painful
4. inflammation in feet w/ pressure and b/c hoof wall causes :digestive upsets, high fever, and sever colic
5. treatment= vet @ first sign
6. chronic laminitus- permanent damage causing uneven growth/ dishing of hoof |
Behavior and Training |
1. prey animals- developed flight or fight instinct
2. communicate by: body language, vocalizations, touch, and smell
3. high social animals- small herds led by dominant mare, separation anxiety, establish hierarchy
4. social hierarchy
5. training- desensitization of common objects, should face spooky objects, natural horsemanship
6. expensive |
Nutrition For Newborn Puppies (2) |
1. dog milk is higher in fat and protein but less lactose. Makes the dog double in weight after 8 days
2. solid food is used to optimize growth while minimizing potential bone development problems |
Digestion of Nutrients |
1. in mouth, food is mixed w/saliva
2. stomach secretes enzymes (acid, pepsin) and leaves stomach as "chyme"
3. pancreas secretes protease & lipases and insulin
4. liver secretes bile salts which accumulate in gall bladder
5. SI absorbs most AA and fatty acids
6. LI absorbs salts and water |
Feeding Adult Normal Dogs (8) |
1. high vs low price food
2. premium, popular, and generic
3. feed to maintain healthy weight
4. body condition score 1-5 (3 is best)
5. dry food= 10% water
6. canned food- 75% water
7. feed on DM basis
8. preferences based on palatability (2 bowl test) and acceptability (1 bowl test) |
Pet Foods (4) |
1. nutritional adequacy (complete and balanced)
2. AAFCO- tests food
3. the label- principle display panel gives name, net weight. (beef dog food >95%, beef dinner>25%, and beef flavor could have none @ all)
4. ingredient list- all must be listed, listed in descending order by weight |
Protein Digestibility Values (6) |
1. egg whites and whey= 100%
2. muscle meats= 92
3. organ meats=90
4. fish and soybean= 75
5. rice= 72
6. yeast and wheat= 60 |
Fat Quality (3) |
1. for energy and vitamins
2. chicken fat, sunflower oil, and coldwater fish oils are rich in nutrients
3. beef tallow and lard low |
Nutrients (4) |
1. water from 3 sources: drinking, eating, metabolism
2. protein: 22 AA, 10 are essential (PVT TIM HALL), cats require taurine also
3. fats: concentrated energy and palaability, essential are polyunsaturated, dogs= linileic, cats= arachidonic
4. vitamins: fat soluble= ADEK, water soluble= B complex and C, deficiency syndromes, toxicity/overabundance for fat soluble only |
Feeding Adult Cats (2) |
1. normal cats
2. FUS: crystals form in urine and block urethra, to prevent= decrease ash or minerals in protein |
Feeding Adult Dogs (8) |
1. normal, active, geriatric
2. therapeutic diet: liver- high quality of protein and digestible carbs, kidney= low fat, low protein and phosphorous, high omega 3, heart= restrict salt, lowish protein, potassium supplement
3. diabetes= low sugar, no semimoist food, high fiber
4. obesity= low fat, high fiber |