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Neospara Caninum |
Spread by faeces from dog to cattle. More common in dairy than beef. Fetus gets infected after it has been consumed and causes abortion (major kind). |
Leptospirosis |
zoonosis, cause by bacterium, sits in kidney and infects humans through urine. Bacteria enters through breaks in skin or mucous. Leads to jaundice |
T.B. |
Zoonosis, mycobacterium bovis, lives 6 weeks in faeces, detect for lesions. Spread from ferrets and possums. Transmitted from inhalation, ingestion, and congenital. |
Johne's Disease |
Wasting disease, effects ruminants. Intestines thicken which leads to no nutrient absorption. Get infected by faeces, can survive in damp shady places. No effective treatment. |
Quality |
welfare, nutrition/condition, handling, pH-->color, nutritional value, perception of condition |
Condition Scoring |
1-no fat no muscle
2-spine not as prominent, muscle is fuller, little fat cover
3-bones only felt by pressing firmly, well covered
4-hard to detect bones, fat covered muscle
5-too much fat over full muscle, cannot detect vertebrae |
HACCP |
Hazard action critical control point, in charge of eliminating hazards. Create action plan to handle situation. |
Hazards |
Chemical - environmental, management
Biological - disease, contamination
Physical - management
Perception - ensure safe animal handling |
Farm Assurance Program |
alliance group - demand products fresh produced under welfare practices
Company managed farm assurance - assure alliance groups that they met their welfare and safety standards. |
5 Freedoms |
-From hunger, thirst, and malnutrition
-Appropriate shelter and comfort
-Prevention/diagnosis/treatment of injury, disease or parasites
-From distress
-Display normal patterns of behavior |
NAIT tags |
national animal identification tag, important for disease outbreaks/movement of stock |
Health |
Physical, mental, social well being |
Disease |
abnormality of structure with clinical signs |
Estrus |
20-30 days after calving |
BVD |
bovine virus diarrhea, caused by virus. Can cause abortion and stillborn. |
Induced Abortion |
bring calving dates forward, use corticoids, prosteglandins
complications - high calf death, low conception rates, low milk yield |
Soundness of Animals |
capacity test, palpation, semen test |
Facial Exczema |
skin lesion around lightly pigmented skin from fungicide
cause- spore in grass, knocks liver out
treatment - add zinc to water |
Scabby Mouth |
zoonosis, from handling animals, papules, vesicles, pustules
treatment - vegetable oil |
QA |
quality assurance, convince the consumer that product is safe and produced ethically. |
Bactoscan Test |
a lot of bacteria in milk
cause - poor plant/silo cleaning, damaged rubberware or inadequate milk cooling |
Thermodurics Test |
test during oct-april, can effect milks shelf life. Cannot kill with heat. Lives under fat, proteins, inside cracked rubber, or bulk milk tanks. Environmental contamination can occur |
Coliform Test |
lives in intestines, passed out in faeces, smells, killed by hot water, can multiply rapidly in greater than 7 degrees C. Causes spoilage of milk can be caused by dirty udders, dirty filter, and contaminated water. |
QM |
Prevention and risk management. Monthly plant checks, sections for all records, follow procedure manual. Prevent quality failure, address consumers concerns.
Since Started - reduction of downgrades, consider market requirements |
Inhibitory Substances |
inhibits organism growth
antibiotics - intramammary, injections, pills
drug, drenches, sanitizers, and pesticides
*antibiotics can kill bacteria used to make cheese from milk, and create immunity in humans. |
Vax/Disease Records |
when, batch #, dosage amount, animals treated, which drug, who administered, date animal purchased/sold. |
Farm Quality |
-clean stock of mud faeces, food before transportation
-free from drug residue
-free from injuries/bites |
Diseases |
TB
Leptospirosis
Facial Exczema
Neospora Caninum
BVD
Scabby Mouth
Johne's Disease
White Muscle Disease |
Milk Test |
Bactoscan
Thermodurics
Coliform
Inhibitory Substance
Somatic Cell Count |
Biological Hazards |
disease, contamination |
Chemical Hazards |
environmental, management |
Physical Hazards |
management |
Perception Hazards |
ethical treatment to animals |
White Muscle Disease |
Selenium deficiency in animals.
Can cause stiff or arched back |
Kano Model |
Classified depending on ability to create consumer satisfaction.
Basic - must be right because expected
Performance - efficient
Wow - unique, selling point |
Campylobacteriosis |
Causes abortion in sheep
spread from sheep-sheep contact |
Toxoplasmosis |
Causes abortion in sheep
Transmitted from cat faeces
Zoonosis |
Tuberculosis |
Zoonosis
Transmitted by: inhalation, ingestion, cogenital
Forms abcesses and lesions
Can live up to 6 weeks in faeces
Prevention: Tuberculin (TB) Test to detect infected animals
(+) animals must be slaughtered |
Parasites |
Internal and External
Internal: Ostertagia, roundworm, liver fluke, tapeworms
External: lice, ticks |
Anthelmintic |
Oral drench/injection/pour on to reduce amount of faecal egg counts of a parasite
-Benzimadazols
-Avermictin
-Levamisole |
Drench Resistance |
Occurs because drenching happens too frequently.
Parasites evolve and adapt to build resistance and continue to lay eggs inside the animal. |
Liverfluke |
Sit inside the ducts of liver and blocks the galbladder from releasing its juices.
Infect snails which sit on grass.
Prevention: use flukacide and reduce snail population |
Flystrike |
External Parasite that thrives in damp warm places on the body of sheep (marino), usually in the rolls/folds on the butt.
Mulesing - cut off skin around butt and tail so skin grows back tight and there are less folds.
*welfare issues |
Selenium Deficiency |
Needed for growth, production and reproduction.
Can inject it, use as a drench with Se salts or put Se in water for consumption |
Cobalt Deficiency |
It is converted into vitamin B12
Can cause anemia, loss of appetite, eye discharge, and white liver disease
Give oral dose, Co bullet, Vit. B12 injection, pasture application |
Innate Immunity |
1st line defense
Ex: skin, lytic fluids
Keeps foreign substances away/out
Biological Barrier: inflammation and phagocytosis
Chemical Barrier: lytic enzymes, mucous, immunoglobin
Physiological Barrier: temperature and pH |
Phagocytosis |
White blood cells attach to bacteria and release lytic substances and engulfs bacter |
Inflammation |
Response to harmful stimuli
Redness: increase blood supply to affected area
Swelling: increase in blood capillary porosity, blood vessels cause flow of fluid to extra vascular space
Pain: pressure on nerve endings and irritation from chemicals |
Active Immune System |
2nd line of defense
Cells recognize foreign antigens
T&B Cells multiply and stored in immune system
B Cells produce antibodies to fight antigens |
Clostradial Diseases |
A disease that is naturally in the soil and GI tract
Can cause rapid death
usually Gram +, spore forming and anaerobic
Ex: Gas Gangrene, Clostridium Perfingens, Botulism |
Mastitis |
Major loss for dairy production
Transferred in milking machines (cups)
Treatment: antibiotics, penicilian, tetracycline
Use Milk Tests to detect it |
Exotic Diseases |
Are reportable, notifiable, and restricted in labs
Ex: Foot and Mouth Disease, Mad Cow, H5N1 |
Foot and Mouth Disease |
Nationwide endemic
can be transmitted in the air, machinery, vehicles, animals and fomites
Causes blisters and ulcers near mouth, foot and teats
Highly morbid
Treatment: Slaughter
Prevention: kill animals within radius and "disinfect" every vehicle |
Mad Cow Disease |
Also known as BSE and TSE
Hard to diagnose and can only examine in the brain once dead.
Causes: virus, prion (heat resistant)
Maternal Transmission
Prevention: No bovine embryos allowed in NZ |
H5N1 |
Avian Influenza
Causes mortality
Transmitted by migratory birds |
Velvetting |
Immature Bone and Skin
Removed every 2 months
Grows from tips of antlers
Give anesthetics and analgesics
Cut off at pedicle |