Final Flashcards
56 Cards in this Set
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Neospara Caninum
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Spread by faeces from dog to cattle. More common in dairy than beef. Fetus gets infected after it has been consumed and causes abortion (major kind).
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Leptospirosis
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zoonosis, cause by bacterium, sits in kidney and infects humans through urine. Bacteria enters through breaks in skin or mucous. Leads to jaundice
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T.B.
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Zoonosis, mycobacterium bovis, lives 6 weeks in faeces, detect for lesions. Spread from ferrets and possums. Transmitted from inhalation, ingestion, and congenital.
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Johne's Disease
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Wasting disease, effects ruminants. Intestines thicken which leads to no nutrient absorption. Get infected by faeces, can survive in damp shady places. No effective treatment.
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Quality
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welfare, nutrition/condition, handling, pH-->color, nutritional value, perception of condition
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Condition Scoring
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1-no fat no muscle
2-spine not as prominent, muscle is fuller, little fat cover
3-bones only felt by pressing firmly, well covered
4-hard to detect bones, fat covered muscle
5-too much fat over full muscle, cannot detect vertebrae
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HACCP
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Hazard action critical control point, in charge of eliminating hazards. Create action plan to handle situation.
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Hazards
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Chemical - environmental, management
Biological - disease, contamination
Physical - management
Perception - ensure safe animal handling
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Farm Assurance Program
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alliance group - demand products fresh produced under welfare practices
Company managed farm assurance - assure alliance groups that they met their welfare and safety standards.
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5 Freedoms
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-From hunger, thirst, and malnutrition
-Appropriate shelter and comfort
-Prevention/diagnosis/treatment of injury, disease or parasites
-From distress
-Display normal patterns of behavior
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NAIT tags
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national animal identification tag, important for disease outbreaks/movement of stock
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Health
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Physical, mental, social well being
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Disease
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abnormality of structure with clinical signs
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Estrus
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20-30 days after calving
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BVD
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bovine virus diarrhea, caused by virus. Can cause abortion and stillborn.
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Induced Abortion
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bring calving dates forward, use corticoids, prosteglandins
complications - high calf death, low conception rates, low milk yield
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Soundness of Animals
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capacity test, palpation, semen test
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Facial Exczema
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skin lesion around lightly pigmented skin from fungicide
cause- spore in grass, knocks liver out
treatment - add zinc to water
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Scabby Mouth
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zoonosis, from handling animals, papules, vesicles, pustules
treatment - vegetable oil
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QA
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quality assurance, convince the consumer that product is safe and produced ethically.
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Bactoscan Test
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a lot of bacteria in milk
cause - poor plant/silo cleaning, damaged rubberware or inadequate milk cooling
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Thermodurics Test
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test during oct-april, can effect milks shelf life. Cannot kill with heat. Lives under fat, proteins, inside cracked rubber, or bulk milk tanks. Environmental contamination can occur
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Coliform Test
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lives in intestines, passed out in faeces, smells, killed by hot water, can multiply rapidly in greater than 7 degrees C. Causes spoilage of milk can be caused by dirty udders, dirty filter, and contaminated water.
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QM
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Prevention and risk management. Monthly plant checks, sections for all records, follow procedure manual. Prevent quality failure, address consumers concerns.
Since Started - reduction of downgrades, consider market requirements
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Inhibitory Substances
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inhibits organism growth
antibiotics - intramammary, injections, pills
drug, drenches, sanitizers, and pesticides
*antibiotics can kill bacteria used to make cheese from milk, and create immunity in humans.
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Vax/Disease Records
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when, batch #, dosage amount, animals treated, which drug, who administered, date animal purchased/sold.
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Farm Quality
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-clean stock of mud faeces, food before transportation
-free from drug residue
-free from injuries/bites
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Diseases
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TB
Leptospirosis
Facial Exczema
Neospora Caninum
BVD
Scabby Mouth
Johne's Disease
White Muscle Disease
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Milk Test
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Bactoscan
Thermodurics
Coliform
Inhibitory Substance
Somatic Cell Count
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Biological Hazards
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disease, contamination
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Chemical Hazards
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environmental, management
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Physical Hazards
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management
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Perception Hazards
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ethical treatment to animals
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White Muscle Disease
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Selenium deficiency in animals.
Can cause stiff or arched back
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Kano Model
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Classified depending on ability to create consumer satisfaction.
Basic - must be right because expected
Performance - efficient
Wow - unique, selling point
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Campylobacteriosis
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Causes abortion in sheep
spread from sheep-sheep contact
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Toxoplasmosis
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Causes abortion in sheep
Transmitted from cat faeces
Zoonosis
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Tuberculosis
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Zoonosis
Transmitted by: inhalation, ingestion, cogenital
Forms abcesses and lesions
Can live up to 6 weeks in faeces
Prevention: Tuberculin (TB) Test to detect infected animals
(+) animals must be slaughtered
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Parasites
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Internal and External
Internal: Ostertagia, roundworm, liver fluke, tapeworms
External: lice, ticks
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Anthelmintic
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Oral drench/injection/pour on to reduce amount of faecal egg counts of a parasite
-Benzimadazols
-Avermictin
-Levamisole
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Drench Resistance
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Occurs because drenching happens too frequently.
Parasites evolve and adapt to build resistance and continue to lay eggs inside the animal.
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Liverfluke
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Sit inside the ducts of liver and blocks the galbladder from releasing its juices.
Infect snails which sit on grass.
Prevention: use flukacide and reduce snail population
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Flystrike
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External Parasite that thrives in damp warm places on the body of sheep (marino), usually in the rolls/folds on the butt.
Mulesing - cut off skin around butt and tail so skin grows back tight and there are less folds.
*welfare issues
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Selenium Deficiency
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Needed for growth, production and reproduction.
Can inject it, use as a drench with Se salts or put Se in water for consumption
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Cobalt Deficiency
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It is converted into vitamin B12
Can cause anemia, loss of appetite, eye discharge, and white liver disease
Give oral dose, Co bullet, Vit. B12 injection, pasture application
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Innate Immunity
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1st line defense
Ex: skin, lytic fluids
Keeps foreign substances away/out
Biological Barrier: inflammation and phagocytosis
Chemical Barrier: lytic enzymes, mucous, immunoglobin
Physiological Barrier: temperature and pH
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Phagocytosis
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White blood cells attach to bacteria and release lytic substances and engulfs bacter
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Inflammation
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Response to harmful stimuli
Redness: increase blood supply to affected area
Swelling: increase in blood capillary porosity, blood vessels cause flow of fluid to extra vascular space
Pain: pressure on nerve endings and irritation from chemicals
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Active Immune System
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2nd line of defense
Cells recognize foreign antigens
T&B Cells multiply and stored in immune system
B Cells produce antibodies to fight antigens
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Clostradial Diseases
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A disease that is naturally in the soil and GI tract
Can cause rapid death
usually Gram +, spore forming and anaerobic
Ex: Gas Gangrene, Clostridium Perfingens, Botulism
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Mastitis
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Major loss for dairy production
Transferred in milking machines (cups)
Treatment: antibiotics, penicilian, tetracycline
Use Milk Tests to detect it
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Exotic Diseases
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Are reportable, notifiable, and restricted in labs
Ex: Foot and Mouth Disease, Mad Cow, H5N1
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Foot and Mouth Disease
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Nationwide endemic
can be transmitted in the air, machinery, vehicles, animals and fomites
Causes blisters and ulcers near mouth, foot and teats
Highly morbid
Treatment: Slaughter
Prevention: kill animals within radius and "disinfect" every vehicle
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Mad Cow Disease
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Also known as BSE and TSE
Hard to diagnose and can only examine in the brain once dead.
Causes: virus, prion (heat resistant)
Maternal Transmission
Prevention: No bovine embryos allowed in NZ
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H5N1
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Avian Influenza
Causes mortality
Transmitted by migratory birds
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Velvetting
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Immature Bone and Skin
Removed every 2 months
Grows from tips of antlers
Give anesthetics and analgesics
Cut off at pedicle
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Final Flashcards