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Test 2: ANSC 107
Digestion |
Breakdown of food by the digestive system in preparation for absorption. |
Three Ways in which digestion occurs |
Physical and mechanical action
Chemical Action Enzyme Action |
Physical or Mechanical Action |
The physical and mechanical action of chewing (mastication) and muscular action of the digestive tract (peristalsis). |
Chemical Action |
The chemical action of hydrochloric acid, which is used by the stomach to denature proteins and bile used in the small intestine to help digest fats. |
Enzyme Action |
The action of enzymes, which increase the speed of the breakdown of the chemical bonds in foods by the addition of a water molecule (hydrolytic enzyme) |
Three basic analytical methods commonly used to analyze feeds for nutrient content. |
Chemical Procedures: standard chemistry applied to feeds
Biological Procedures: use of animals to test the feeds Microbiological Procedures: similar to biological but use bacteria in place of higher animals |
Feed analysis |
properly feeding livestock requires knowledge of the nutrients found in the feedstuffs available and balancing of these nutrients to meet the physiological needs for the species in question
a comprehensive evaluation procedure discovers nutrient composition DIGESTIBILITY, productive value, PALATABILITY, and the physical or handling characteristic of feeds |
Dry Matter |
Dry matter is determined by heating a feed sample until all water has evaporated. |
Ash |
Ash is considered the mineral content of the feed stuff (non-organic matter) |
Crude Protein |
Crude Protein is determined by the kjeldahl process. |
Kjeldahl Process |
Isolates and measures the nitrogen in a feed. |
Monogastric |
one-stomached or simple stomach animal |
Ruminants |
cattle, sheep, goats and llamas, are more complex-stomached animals that have more than one stomach compartment. |
Pseudoruminant |
Llamas |
Three digestive categories |
Carnivores
Omnivores Herbivores |
Prehension |
the means an animal uses to bring food into its mouth, is the first step of digestion. |
Mastication |
or chewing, involves the vertical and lateral action of the jaw and teeth to crush food |
Salivation |
includes secretion and mixing of saliva with food |
Deglutition |
is the passing of food and water (or anything else) from the mouth |
Glandular Stomach |
Where significant chemical and enzymatic gidetion begins, which is similar in most animals |
Proventriculus |
Chickens stomach |
Abomasum |
Cows stomach, last compartment |
Duodenum |
is the first part of the small intestine. It extends fromt he pylorus of the stomach to the beginning of the jejunum. |
Jejunum |
Is the second part of the small intestine and longest part. Digestion continues here, but absorption of the end products of digestion is its major function. |
ileum |
is the third part of the small intestine. Its major job is to form the connection to the large intestine, but absorption occurs here too. |
Small Intestine |
chief site of food digestion and nutrient absorption for monogastrics. |
Chyme |
The name given to the material consisting of food, saliva, and gastric secretions. It is very acidic. |
Alkaline secretions in Chyme |
Chyme is mixed in the duodenum with three alkaline secretions. -bile -pancreatic juice -succus entericus (intestinal juice) |
Defecation |
Is the discharge of excrement from the body via the rectum or cloaca. |
Micturition |
is urination. The components of urine include the nitrogen compounds- urea in mammals and uric acid in birds and other species |
Digestion in the Pig |
The pig is omnivorous, which means it eats and uses feed ingredients of both animal and plant origin. |
Eructation |
Belching. Removing gas from the rumen via the esophagus. |
Bloat |
Also called Ruminal Bloat. an over-distention of the rumen and reticulum with the gases of fermentation. |
Symbiosis |
The animal benefits because the microorganisms digest feeds it could not otherwise use and generate nutrients it needs. |
Bird Stomach |
similar to monogastric stomach except for the lack of teeth and the presence of the gizzard and the crop. The gizzard or ventriculus is a highly specialized grinding organ |
Horse Stomach |
-The horse is a non-ruminant herbivore
-Capable of using roughage because they have an active cecal bacterial population that digests fiber. -capacity of stomach is smaller than other mammals. -Fats are absorbed in the small intestine - |