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ANTH 1000: EXAM 1

Three definitions of Culture
That complex whole which includes, knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society - E.B. Tylor [1871]
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Three definitions of Culture
The totality of products of social mean, super organic, i.e. more than biological
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Three definitions of culture
tools x symbols
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three definitions of culture
learned behavior
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three definitions of culture
the way of life of a people, including their behavior, the things they make, and their ideas
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three definitions of culture
a system of symbols and meanings
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"The origin of Society," that: "in primate society, sex organizes society. In human society, society organizes sex."
Sex is a permanent element in social life and insures constant association of the two sexes Sexual behavior is not simply automatic, but is associated wit numerous stimuli that are themselves non-sexual
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Do hunting and gathering bands have "government"
operate without any formal leadership autonomous and self-sufficient organized by kinship and are primarily egalitarian All members share work and products local group or band is highest level of political organization - band is politically independent
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How is foraging as a subsistence mode related to the population density of band societies?
Band societies have low population density This is related to their subsistence mode: in most of the world's environments, hunting and gathering cannot support a very dense population. Foraging requires a lot of land and is only enough to feed a small amount of people
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Conflict resolution in band societies - Ex from The Forest People
Non-violent methods, Leveling Mechanisms, temporary ostracism People involved are normally the ones to resolve the situation; elders may step in if this is not successful - age and gender determine who has more of a say (egalitarian)
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Example from the Forest People of Conflict resolution
Kelemoe had an incestuous relationship and was ostracized (leveling mechanism/conflict resolution) Cephu put his net in front of another person's during solo hunting - big deal because everyone shares and he was cheating. Punishment - people ignored him, took his meat and ridiculed him (kenge did specifically)
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Richard Lee and !Kung and gift of Christmas Ox
Lee brought ox as gift to thank !Kung San for cooperation Said his ox was fat !Kung said it was skinny and ridiculed him Leveling mechanism used to keep social control !Kung people believe there is no completely generous acts - don't believe in people being arrogant
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Causal relationships of child spacing among !Kung San
Long intervals between having children Long breast feeding prevents you from getting period and the women breast feed their children for a long time, therefore making the spaces in between longer intervals Acts as natural contraceptive Nursing burns up to 2000 calories per day - women need a certain percentage of body fat for ovulation to take place
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Nutrition and Demographic changes from 60s-70s among !Kung San
San population is increasing (at a higher rate) Village-dwelling San tend to be heavier, fatter Child-spacing is narrowing (women are having children closer together)
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Dietary changes in shift to Settled Village Life of !Kung San
More monotonous diet Consume more cow's milk (more fat) and grain ("mealie meal") Tend to be heavier, fatter, and taller than the nomadic !Kung
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Reproductive changes of !Kung
As H&G, the human population was very gradual (low rate) The world's population has exploded in rapid increase recently Average age of first period is lower among settled !Kung Average child spacing has gone from 4+ years to less than 3 years
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Changes in human life during Neolithic Period
Modern day health problems can be seen the transition into settled life Demonstrates how world population increases leads people to move away from hunting and gathering
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Changes in human life during Neolithic period
Diet of more milk and "mealie meal" results in: Increased body fat and earlier weaning Girls getting their period earlier and having children born closer together Number of children born increases Increases in population
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Changes in human life during Neolithic period
Factors of population growth are: Body fat: affected by diet, activity and nursing Fertility: affected by body fat, activity, and nursing Child spacing: affected by nursing and fertility Population: affected by fertility
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How much did women contribute to subsistence among hunter-gatherers
Meat was only 1/3 of hunter-gatherer diet Plant products made up 2/3 Generally, gathering almost always provides plant food Women acted as gatherers in these band societies, so they were seen as greatly contributing to subsistence Gathering was very important to society and therefore so were women
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What is the elima ceremony
Coming of age ceremony in Mbuti society (pygmies) Celebrates first menses of women ("blessed with blood") Means that women can now get married and have children Respective elders teach her about motherhood lessons and house
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Relationship between Pygmies and Bantu-speaking, village-dwelling neighbors
engaged in trade with one another - pygmies provided meat, villagers provided tools and labor Villagers saw themselves as master; Pygmies worked for them to make money but saw them as necessary evil Differing attitudes towards each group - pygmies viewed as animals because they live in the forest, both refer to each other as "savage" and "animal" Joint participation in Molimo and Nubuti Pygmies learned to speak Bantu language
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Participation and status of women in hunter-gatherer societies
H&G societies are egalitarian, so status is based on age and sex - men and women are related to each other that in a way seems relatively equal Participate and contribute a lot - gather 2/3 of H&G diet (plants) Don't interact with men as equals Women are still valuable to society - play important role in both Mbuti and !Kung people Have say in making decisions
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Support that of all living animals, only human being have culture
Society and tools are not unique to human beings culture is not instinctual - it is learned; the complexity of the human language makes cultural transmission possibly - key difference is our ability to manipulate symbols, and symbols are a huge part of culture
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Nacirema attitude toward human body
Obsession - obsessed with body image Constantly trying to change bodies from being "ugly" and have a tendency to be in poor health and get diseases Lives revolve around self-image
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How human language competence illustrates aspects of culture
Must be learned and learning is a part of culture Language is symbolic because you associate a word with meaning and culture as symbols Allows us to communicate ideas Determined by culture because there are rules to follow Use language to develop law, art, and society - society depends on concrete language; allows for symbols and communication
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Diet and nutrition among foragers
varied diet, adequate in both protein and calories lack many diseases found in complex societies rarely have iron deficiencies or folic acid and B12 little incidences of "aging diseases" and blood pressure doesn't increase with age 1/3 meat, 2/3 plan foods Affluent because intake the ideal amount of calories and protein per day, dietary diversity is broad, nutritional adequacy consists of healthy foods, absence of diet-related diseases, work only 2-3 dy/wk
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Is warfare a human cultural universal?
No, nomadic hunting and gathering groups, such as pygmies, work together to preserve themselves Resolved conflicts through peaceful means such as leveling mechanisms Band societies do not defend territory or make war; generally solve conflicts by non-violent means Tribes are settled, fight for resources - steal from other tribes (raid)
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