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Biology test 4
Culture |
Accumulated knowledge, customs, beliefs, arts, and other human products that are socially transmitted over generations |
Multicellular photosynthetic eukaryotes with specific adaptations not found in algae |
Plants |
Chemical that causes thickening of plant tissue and helps maintain moisture? |
Lignin |
Tiny pores in leaves that allow for gas exchange |
Stomata |
Waxy cuticle |
Covers the stems and leaves of plants to help retain water |
Two sources of resources for plants |
Air and soil |
Phloem |
transport tissue made of microscopic pipes that distributes sugar throughout a plant |
Xylem |
Transport tissue made of microscopic pipes or tubes conveying water and nutrients up from roots |
Two basic types of protective structures in plants |
Spores for nonflowering plants and seeds for flowering plants |
Spores |
Found in nonflowering plants, these are small, usually single-cell reproductive bodies that are highly resistant to desiccation and can grow into a new organism |
Seeds |
Found in flowering plants, these are embryos with food in a protective covering |
Bryophytes, three examples |
Nonvascular plants: liver warts, horn warts, and mosses |
Two examples of vascular plants WITH seeds |
Gymnosperms and angiosperms |
Two examples of vascular plants WITHOUT seeds |
Club mosses and ferns |
Carboniferous example |
Coal forest--forests that existed in the period when earth formed mass quantities of coal beds |
Cycads |
Giant prehistoric gymnosperms |
Do gymnosperms produce fruit? |
No. |
Fruit |
Ovaries of angiosperms (flowered plants) that are adapted for seed dispersal |
3 primary means of seed dispersal |
1.) Animals
2.) Natural forces (like wind)
3.) Adhesion |
Type of plant that makes up about 25% of medicine and of around which agriculture is almost entirely based. |
Angiosperms |
2 primary ways animals interact with angiosperms |
1.) Pollination
2.) Seed dispersal
|
High energy fluid that attracts pollinators |
Nectar |
Fungi |
Heterotrophic eukaryotes that digest food externally and then absorb the nutrients |
A fungus's disk or cup shaped reproductive structure |
Apothecium |
Hyphae |
Long branchlike filament cells of fungi that weave together to make the MYCELIUM, the massive feeding network
|
Because fungi are essential decomposers, what do they provide humans? |
antibiotics and food |
Animals |
Eukaryotic multicellular heterotroph that INGEST food |
Metamorphosis and which organisms it is found in |
Rapid transformation from larvae to adult form
Commonly seen in invertebrates and amphibians |
Entomology |
Study of insects |
9 Phylums |
(PECAN CAMP)
1.) Porifera
2.) Cnidaria
3.) Arthropoda
4.) Echinodemcota
5.) Chordata
6.)Platyhelminthes
7.) Mollusca
8.) Nematoda
9.) Annelida |
Porifera phylum |
Simplest animals, like sponges. Filter feeder. No true tissues. Asymmetrical. |
Cnidaria phylum |
polyps like coral and anemones. Medusae. "Free swimming". Jellyfish. Radial symmetry. |
Anthropoda phylum |
Largest phylum. Bilateral symmetry Four types:
1.) Arachnids
2.) Millipedes/centipedes
3.) Crustaceans
4.) Insects (largest group |
Echinodemcota phylum |
Bilateral symmetry as embryos, radial symmetry as adults. Sea stars and sea urchins. Deuturstomes. |
Chordata phylum (four features) |
Bilateral symmetry. Humans. Deuturstomes
4 defining features:
1.) dorsal hollow nerve cord
2.) still notochord
3.) pharyngeal slits
4.) muscular post-anal tail |
Platyhelminthes phylum |
Example: Flatworm. Bilateral symmetry (simplest). Protostomes.
Four classes:
1.) Trematota
2.) cestoda (tapeworm
3.) monogenea
4.) Turbellaria |
Mollusca phylum |
Grastropods (snails and slugs). Bivalves (clams, oysters, muscles, or anything else with a shell divided into two.) Cephalopods (squids octopuses). Giant squid is the largest invertebrate |
Nematoda phylum |
Body cavity. True tissues. Bilateral symmetry. Protostomes. Roundworms. |
Annelida phylum |
Segmented worms. Three kinds: earth worms, polychates, leeches. |
Protostomes |
clade of bilateral animals distinguished by the fact that a solid mass of the embryonic mesoderm splits to form a coelom.
1.) Annelida
2.) Platyhelminthes
3.) Nematoda
|
Deuterostomes |
1.) Chordata
2.) Echinodemcota |
Each phylum's symmetry |
Bilateral:
1.) Platyhelmintes
2.) Arhtropoda
3.) Echinodemcota (AS EMBRYOS)
4.) Chordata
5.) Mollusca
6.) Nematoda
7.) Annelida
Radial:
1.) Cnidaria
2.) Echinodemcota (AS ADULTS)
Asymmetric:
1.) Porifera |
5 biomes |
1.) Aquatic
2.) Deserts
3.) Forests
4.) Grasslands
5.) Tundras |
Ecology |
Study of the interactions between organisms and their environments |
Biosphere |
Total of all earth's ecosystems |
Abiotic factor |
Anything that affects a biosphere that is not living
|
Predation |
Biological interaction where predator feeds on prey |
Competition |
rivalry between individuals or groups for territory or resources |
Climate |
Average and variations of weather in a region over a long period of time |
Biome |
An ecosystem largely determined by climate, usually classified according to vegetation and characterized by organisms adapted to a particular climate |
2 types of questions behavioral ecologists consider |
1.) Proximate questions, which focus on the immediate causes of behavior
2.) Ultimate questions, which focus on the evolutionary causes of behavior. |
Fitness |
Measure of an organism's ability to reproduce |
Learning |
A change in behavior because of a new experience |
Spacial learning |
Using landmarks in an environment |
Cognitive mapping |
An internal representation of relationships spatially learned |
Discipline |
A common manifestation of associative learning in humans |
Problem solving |
Inventive behavior that arises in response to a new situation |
Habituation |
Loss of response to stimuli after repeated exposure |
Social learning |
Learning based on watching and mimicking others |
Imprinting |
Learning that is irreversible and limited to a sensitive time period in an animal's life; often results in a strong bond between offspring and parents. |
Three systems of mating |
Monogamous, polygamous, and promiscuous |
Traits that courtship rituals display |
Species, sex, and physical condition of males |
Social behavior |
Sociobiological study of interactions between two or more animals in an evolutionary sense |
2 things that territorial behavior parcels out |
1.) Space
2.) Resources |
What does social behavior require in animals? How can this be provided? |
Communication, through signaling |
2 factors of dispersion patterns |
Environmental and social |
3 types of dispersion patterns |
Clumped, uniform, and random |
Ritual |
Actions that have symbolic value |
Agonistic behavior |
Acting to restrict or limit the freedom of other animals |
Dominance hierarchies |
Seniority? |
Result of altruism |
An individual's fitness is reduced while the population's fitness is increased |
Situation where both the group and the individual prosper |
Inclusive fitness |
Kin selection result |
Only the healthy organisms reproduce |
Foraging, and how to study it. |
Searching for wild food resources. Studied with a cost benefit analysis. |
Generalists vs. Specialists |
1.) eats anything available while 2.) only eats specific things |
Optimal foraging theory |
Convenience--maximum energy gain for minimum energy expenditure |
Population ecology |
Studies population size and the factors that regulate populations over time. |
Population density |
Number of individuals of a species per unit of area or volume |
2 factors that can limit population size |
1.) limited resources
2.) climate conditions |
4 factors that characterize communities |
1.) Diversity in species
2.) Dominant species
3.) Response to disturbance
4.) trophic structure (food web) |
Interspecific competition |
Competition between two species for the same limited resource |
Competitive exclusion principle |
Two species cannot coexist if they have an identical niche |
Mimicry, and 2 types of it |
One species mimics the behavior of the other.
1.) Batesian--a defenseless animal mimics a strong one
2.) Mullerian--a defenseless animal mimics another defenseless animal for camouflage |
Keystone predator |
A plant or animal that plays a unique and crucial role in the way an ecosystem functions. Without it, the ecosystem would be dramatically different or cease to exist altogether. |
Coevolution |
One species makes an adaptation. Another species develops an adaptation to deal with the original one. The first species undergoes another adaptation to respond to that one. |
Trophic structure |
A pattern of feeding relationships consisting of several different levels |
Detritivores |
Scavengers that decompose waste and recycle nutrients |
2 emphasis of ecosystem ecology |
1.) energy flow
2.) chemical cycling |
Parts of global water cycle |
Precipitation, evaporation, and transportation |
Extinction, and what branch of biology deals with it? |
Biodiversity crisis in which an organism's variety rapidly decreases.
Conservation biology. |
3 parts of biodiversity |
1.) Genetic diversity (genes dying off)
2.) Species diversity
3.) Ecosystem diversity (habitats) |
3 threats to biodiversity |
1.) Habitat destruction (greatest current threat known)
2.) Introduced species
3.) Over-exploitation of wildlife (hunting) |
Carbon footprint |
Measure of CO2 given off by an organism for a given activity |
Only 2 ways to improve CO2 ratio |
1.) Decrease overall CO2 production on earth
2.) Increase amount of CO2 drawn into the atmosphere (increase photosynthesis) |
Biodiversity hotspots |
a biogeographic region that is both a significant reservoir of biodiversity and is threatened with destruction. Specifically refers to 25 biologically rich areas around the world that have at least 1,500 vascular plant species as endemics and which have lost at least 70 percent of their original habitat. |
Sustainable development |
the goal of humanity. Seeks to improve the human condition while also preserving biodiversity. |
Agriculture |
Advancement that allowed groups of humans to settle and specialize in tasks. |