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HIST 2013: FINAL
Lend Lease Act:
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: Permitted the US to lend or lease arms and other supplies to the allies, signifying increasing likelihood of American involvement World War II. Britain was virtually bankrupt and could not afford supplies so Roosevelt urged congress to pass the act. It authorized military aid so long as countries promised somehow to return it all after the war. The US funneled billions of dollars’ worth of arms to Britain and china and even cut off oil supply to Japan
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Atlantic Charter:
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Issued August 12, 1941, following meetings in newfoundland between President FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill, the charter signaled the Allies’ cooperation and stated their war aims
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Unconditional Surrender:
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The use of the term was revived during World War II at the Casablanca conference when American President Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) sprang it on the other Allies and the press as the objective of the war against the Axis Powers of Germany, Italy, and Japan. And, when President Roosevelt suddenly announced this surrender condition at Casablanca, he did so referencing U.S. Grant and the fact that the famous general's initials, since the Civil War, had also come to stand for "Unconditional Surrender".
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Battle of Stalingrad
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Struggle between German and Soviet forces in Stalingrad located deep inside Russia on the Volga River. The Russians had a huge amount of military supplies from the US, the Russians surrounded the Germans and forced them to surrender. Some 800,000 German soldiers and 1.2 million Soviet soldiers died in the battle. The surrender at Stalingrad in January 1943 marked the turning point in the European war.
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Battle of the Bulge
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In a desperate gamble, Hitler launched a surprise counterattack in France that pushed the allies back 50 miles, creating a bulge in their lines. The biggest battle ever fought by the US army, the Battle of the Bulge produced more than 70,000 American casualties.
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Yalta Conference
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Meeting of FDR, Churchill, and Joseph Stalin at a Crimean resort to discuss the postwar world on February 4-11, 1945; Stalin claimed large areas in eastern Europe for Soviet domination
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Iron Curtain
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Term coined by Winston Churchill to describe the cold war divide between Western Europe and the Soviet Union’s eastern European satellites. Divided the free West from the communist East
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Long Telegram
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A telegraph by American George Kennan in 1946 outlining his views of the Soviet Union that eventually inspired the policy of containment. He advised the Truman administration that the Soviets could not be dealt with as a normal government. Communist ideology drove them to try to expand their power throughout the world, he claimed, and only the US had the ability to stop them
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Truman Doctrine:
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President Harry S. Truman’s program announced in 1947 of aid to European countries, particularly Greece and Turkey, threatened by communism. His request to congress was limited to $400 million in military aid to the two governments, Truman’s rhetoric suggested that the US had assumed a permanent global responsibility. The speech set a precedent for American assistance to anticommunist regimes throughout the world, no matter how undemocratic, and for a set of global military alliances directed against the Soviet Union. There soon followed the creation of new national security bodies immune from domestic oversight, such as the Atomic Energy Commission, National Security Council, and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).
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Marshall Plan
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US program for the reconstruction of post-World War II Europe through massive aid to former enemy nations as well as allies; proposed by General George C. Marshall in 1947. It offered a positive vision to go along with containment. It aimed to combat the idea, widespread since the Great Depression, that capitalism was in decline and communism the wave of the future. It defined the threat to American security not so much as Soviet military power but as economic and political instability, which would be breeding for communism. The Marshall Plan proved to be one of the most successful foreign aid policies in history. Since the Soviet Union refused to participate, fearing American control over the economies of Eastern Europe, the Marshall Plan further solidified the division of the continent
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Berlin Airlift:
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In June 1948, the US, Britain, and France introduced a separate currency in theor zones, a prelude to the creation of a new West German government that would be aligned with them in the Cold War. In response, the Soviets cut off road and rail traffic from the American, British, and French zones of occupied Germany to Berlin. An 11 month airlift followed, with Western planes supplying fuel and food to their zones of the city.
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NSC 68:
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In the wake of Soviet-American confrontations over southern and eastern Europe and Berlin, the communist victory in China, and Soviet success in developing an atomic bomb, the National Security Council approved a call for a permanent military build up to enable the US to pursue a global crusade against communism. Known as NCS-68, this manifesto described the cold war as an epic struggle between “the idea of freedom” and the “idea of slavery under the grim oligarchy of the Kremlin.” One of the most important policy statements of the early Cold War, NSC-68 helped to spur a dramatic increase in American military spending
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Inchon
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: In September 1950, General Douglas MacArthur launched a daring counterattack at Inchon, behind North Korea lines. The invading forces retreated northward, and MacArthur’s army soon occupied most of North Korea. Truman now hoped to unite Korea under a pro-American government. But in October 1950, when UN forces neared the Chinese border, hundreds of thousands of Chinese troops intervened, driving them back in bloody fighting
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Taft-Hartley Act
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: Passed over President Harry Truman’s veto, the law contained a number of provisions to weaken labor unions, including the banning of closed shops.
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Strom Thurmond
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Was nominated by the States’ Rights Democratic Party for president. Although his platform called for “complete segregation of all races” and his campaign drew most of its support from those alarmed by Truman’s civil rights initiatives, Thurmond denied charges of racism. Truman’s plans for extending federal power into the South to enforce civil rights, Thurmond charged, would “convert America into a Hitler state.”
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Silent Generation:
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Is a label for the people born during the Great Depression and World War II. The generation was comparatively small because people in the 20s and 30s were not financially stable enough to have too many children. While there were many civil right leaders, writers, and artists, the Silent Generation is called that because many focused on their careers rather than on activism, and people in it were largely encouraged to form to social norms.
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Kinsey Report
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Are two books on human sexual behavior.
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Loyalty Program:
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In 1947, the president established a loyalty review system in which government employees were required to demonstrate their patriotism without being allowed to confront accusers or, in some cases, knowing the charges against them. Along with persons suspected of disloyalty, the new national security system also targeted homosexuals who worked for the government. They were deemed particularly susceptible to blackmail by Soviet agents as well as supposedly lacking in the manly qualities needed to maintain the countries resolve in the fight against communism.
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Army-McCarthy Hearings:
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: McCarthy announced he had a list of 205 communists in the State Department and he never identified a single person guilty of genuine disloyalty. His downfall came in 1954, when a Senate committee investigated his charges that the army had harbored and “coddled” communists. The nationally televised Army-McCarthy hearings revealed McCarthy as a bully who browbeat witnesses and made sweeping accusations with no basis in fact.
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Quemoy and Matsu 1958
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: The Second Taiwan Strait Crisis, also called the 1958 Taiwan Strait Crisis, was a conflict that took place between the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC) governments in which the PRC shelled the islands of Kinmen and the nearby Matsu Islands along the east coast of the PRC (in the Taiwan Strait) in an attempt to drive away the ROC Army. The United States used the nuclear threat to win the Crisis, as the PRC had yet to gain nuclear power. Eisenhower used the tactic of "brinkmanship" to ensure victory. U.S. policy then became to refuse to acknowledge the PRC and pin her back as much as possible. Also many missile bases were installed, and military bases built in a series of countries surrounding mainland China.
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Spirit of Geneva
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The term "spirit of Geneva" expressed a public expectation that the conference would lessen international tension. A peace conference in Geneva divided Vietnam temporarily into northern and southern districts, with elections scheduled for 1956 to unify the country.
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Mohammed Mossadegh
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Was the leader of Iran. He was determined to reduce foreign corporation’s’ control over his countries economy. He nationalized the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, whose refinery in Iran was Britain’s largest remaining overseas asset. In 1953 and 1954, the CIA organized the ouster of his government. The shah of Iran replaced Mossadegh and agreed to give British and American oil companies 40 percent of his nation’s oil revenues.
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Bandung Conference
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Brought leaders of 29 Asian and African nations together in Indonesia in 1955, seemed to announce the emergence of a new force in global affairs, representing a majority of the world’s population. But none of these countries could avoid being strongly affected by the political, military, and economic contest of the Cold War.
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Eisenhower Doctrine:
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Pledged the US to defend Middle Eastern governments threatened by communism or Arab Nationalism. A year later, Ike dispatched 5,000 American troops to Lebanon to protect a government dominated by pro-Western Christians against Nasser’s effort to bring all Arab states into a single regime under his rule
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Defense Education Act (1957
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Passed in reaction to America’s perceived inferiority in the space race; encouraged education in science and modern languages through student loans, university research grants, and aid to public school.
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Orval Faubus:
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In 1957, however, after Governor Orval Faubus of Arkansas used the Nation Guard to prevent the court-ordered integration of Little Rock’s Central High School
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Montgomery Bus Boycott
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On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks, a black tailor’s assistant who had just completed her day’s work in a Montgomery, Alabama, department store, refused to surrender her seat on a city bus to a white rider, as required by local law. Park’s arrest sparked a yearlong bus boycott, the beginning of the mass phase of the civil rights movement in the South. In November 1956, the Supreme Court ruled segregation in public transport transportation unconstitutional.
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SNCC
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Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee founded in 1960 to coordinate civil rights sit-ins and other forms of grassroots protest. College students for the first time stepped onto the stage of American history as the leading force for social change.
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Eugene "Bull" Connor
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In May 1963, Martin Luther King made the bold decision to send black schoolchildren into the streets of Birmingham. Police chief Connor unleashed his forces against thousands of young marchers. The images, broadcast on television, of children being assaulted with nightsticks, high-pressure fire hoses, and attack dogs produced a wave of revulsion throughout the world and turned the Birmingham campaign into a triumph for the civil rights movement. Leading businessmen, fearing that the city was becoming an international symbol of brutality, brokered an end to the demonstrations that desegregated downtown stores and restaurants and promised that blacks would be hired.
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Black Panther Party
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Founded in Oakland, California, in 1966, it became notorious for advocating armed self-defense in response to police brutality. It demanded the release of black prisoners because of racism in the criminal justice system. The party’s youthful members alarmed whites by wearing military garb, although they also ran health clinics, schools, and children’s breakfast programs. But internal disputes and a campaign against the Black Panthers by police and the FBI, which left several leaders dead in shootouts, destroyed the organization.
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Neo-Keynesianism
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: is a school of macroeconomic thought that was developed in the post-war period from the writings of John Maynard Keynes. A group of economists (notably John Hicks, Franco Modigliani, and Paul Samuelson), attempted to interpret and formalize Keynes' writings, and to synthesize it with the neo-classical models of economics. Their work has become known as the neo-classical synthesis, and created the models that formed the core ideas of neo-Keynesian economics. These ideas dominated mainstream economics in the post-war period, and formed the mainstream of macroeconomic thought in the 1950s, 60s and 70s.
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Alliance for Progress
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Kennedy formulated this policy towards Latin America. A kind of Marshall Plan fro the Western Hemisphere, although involving far smaller sums of money, it aimed to promote both “political” and “material freedom.” Begun in 1961 with much fanfare about alleviating poverty and counteracting the appeal of communism, the Alliance for Progress failed. Unlike the Marshall Plan, military regimes and local elites controlled Alliance for Progress aid. They enriched themselves while the poor saw little benefit.
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Operation Mongoose
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Was a covert operation of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) developed during the early years of President John F. Kennedy's administration. On November 30, 1961, aggressive covert operations against Fidel Castro's government in Cuba were authorized by President Kennedy. The operation was led by United States Air Force General Edward Lansdale and went into effect after the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion.
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Limited Test Ban Treaty:
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is a treaty prohibiting all test detonations of nuclear weapons except underground. It was developed both to slow the arms race (nuclear testing was, at the time, necessary for continued developments in nuclear weapons), and to stop the excessive release of nuclear fallout into the planet's atmosphere. The Treaty was signed and ratified by the governments of the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States during the autumn of 1963.
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Barry Goldwater
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Johnson’s opponent for the 1964 election. Published The Conscience of a Conservative, which sold more than 3 million copies. The book demanded a more aggressive conduct of the Cold War (he even suggested that nuclear war might be “the price of freedom”). But Goldwater directed most of his critique against “internal” dangers to freedom, especially the New Deal welfare state, which he believed stifled individual initiative and independence.
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Economic Opportunity Act:
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authorized the formation of local Community Action Agencies as part of the War on Poverty. The federal government directly regulates these agencies. "It is the purpose of The Economic Opportunity Act to strengthen, supplement, and coordinate efforts in furtherance of that policy".
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Vietminh:
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initially formed to seek independence for Vietnam from the French Empire. When the Japanese occupation began, the Viet Minh opposed Japan with support from the United States and the Republic of China. After World War II, the Viet Minh opposed the re-occupation of Vietnam by France and later opposed South Vietnam and the United States in the Vietnam War.
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Ngo Dinh Diem
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was the first president of South Vietnam (1955–1963). In the wake of the French withdrawal from Indochina as a result of the 1954 Geneva Accords, Diệm led the effort to create the Republic of Vietnam. Accruing considerable US support due to his staunch anti-communism, he announced victory after a fraudulent 1955 plebiscite in which he won 600,000 votes from an electorate of 450,000 and began building a right-wing dictatorship in South Vietnam.
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Gulf Of Tonkin Resolution
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In August 1964, North Vietnamese vessels encountered an American ship on a spy mission off its coast. When North Vietnamese patrol boats “fired” on the American vessel, Johnson proclaimed that the US was a victim of “aggression”. A resolution passed by Congress authorizing the president to take “all necessary measures to repel armed attack” in Vietnam.
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Tet Offensive:
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Surprise attack by the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese during the Vietnamese New Year of 1968; turned American public opinion strongly against the war
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Nixon Doctrine
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: This doctrine meant that each ally nation was in charge of its own security in general, but the United States would act as a nuclear umbrella when requested. The Doctrine argued for the pursuit of peace through a partnership with American allies. The Nixon Doctrine implied the intentions of Richard Nixon shifting the direction on international policies in Asia, especially aiming for "Vietnamization of the Vietnam War."
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Shanghai Communiqué
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Was an important diplomatic document issued by the United States of America and the People's Republic of China on February 28, 1972 during President Richard Nixon's visit to China. The document pledged that it was in the interest of all nations for the United States and China to work towards the normalization of their relations, although this would not occur until the Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations seven years later
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Beat Generation
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was a group of American post-World War II writers who came to prominence in the 1950s, as well as the cultural phenomena that they both documented and inspired. Central elements of "Beat" culture: rejection of received standards, innovations in style, use of illegal drugs, alternative sexualities, an interest in religion, a rejection of materialism, and explicit portrayals of the human condition
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Port Huron Statement (1962
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A manifesto by Students for a Democratic Society that criticized institutions raging from political parties to corporations, unions, and the military-industrial complex, while offering a new vision of social change
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Haight-Ashbury
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The counterculture emphasized the ideal of community, establishing quasi-independent neighborhoods in New York City’s village and San Francisco’s Haight-Ashbury district.
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Yippies
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The Youth International Party introduced humor and theatricality as elements of protest. From the visitor’s gallery of the New York Stock Exchange, yippie founder Abbie Hoffman showered dollar bills onto the floor, bringing trading to a halt as brokers scrambled to retrieve the money
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Feminine Mystique
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The public reawakening of feminist consciousness did not get its start until the publication in 1963 of Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique. The immediate result was to focus attention on yet another gap between American rhetoric and American reality.
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National Organization of Women
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Founded in 1966 by writer Betsy Friedan and other Feminists, NOW pushed for abortion rights, nondiscrimination in the workplace, and other forms of equality for women. It modeled on civil rights organizations and attacked the “false image of women” spread by the mass media.
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Phyllis Schlafly
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Helped to organize the opposition to the ERA, insisted that the “free enterprise system” was the “real liberator of women,” since labor-saving home appliances offered more genuine freedom than “whining about past injustices” or seeking fulfillment outside the home. Opponents claimed that the ERA would let men “off the hook” by denying their responsibility to provide for heir wives and children
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Daniel Patrick Moynihan:
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Nixon appointed Moynihan as United States Ambassador to India, where he served from 1973 to 1975. The relationship between the two countries was at a low point. Ambassador Moynihan was alarmed that two great democracies were cast as antagonists, and set out to fix things. He proposed that part of the burdensome debt be written off, part used to pay for US embassy expenses in India, and the remaining converted into Indian rupees to fund an Indo-US cultural and educational exchange program that lasted for a quarter century
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Southern Strategy
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To consolidate support in the white South, he nominated to the Supreme Court Clement Haynsworth and G. Harold Carswell, conservative southern jurists with records of support for segregation. Both were rejected by the Senate. On the other hand, because the courts finally lost patients with southern delaying tactics, extensive racial integration at last came to public schools in the South.
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Enemies List:
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Nixon viewed every critic as a threat to national security and developed the enemies list that included reporters, politicians, and celebrities unfriendly to the administration.
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CREEP
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Committee to reelect the president, wanted Nixon to win his upcoming election so they got hippies and prostitutes to go to the Democratic convention to discredit them but thought it was too bold. They were the ones who put the bugs in the Democratic office.
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Saturday Night Massacre:
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When it became know that Nixon had made tape recordings of conversations in his office, Archibald Cox, a special prosecutor the president had reluctantly appointed to investigate the Watergate affair, demanded copies. In October 1973, Nixon proposed to allow Senator John C. Stennis of Mississippi to review the tapes, rather than release them. When Cox refused to agree, Nixon fired him, whereupon Attorney General Elliot Richardson resigned in protest. These events further undermined Nixon’s standing.
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Helsinki Final Act
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Recognized the permanence of Europe’s post-World War II boundaries, including the division of Germany. In addition both superpowers agreed to respect the basic liberties of their citizens and condemned violations of human rights. They assumed that this latter pledge would have little practical effect. But over time, the Helsinki Accords inspired movements for greater freedom within the communist countries of eastern Europe.
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W.I.N.:
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Whip Inflation Now was trying to keep inflation down. Ford urged Americans to shop wisely, reduce expenditures, and wear WIN buttons. Although inflation fell, joblessness continued to rise.
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Rustbelt
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The industrial belt was in major decline because of the economic crisis in this time. Cities like Detroit were being abandoned.
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Zbigniew Brzezinski:
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Polish American who served as Carter’s United States National Security Advisor. He was very anti-Soviet and he wanted to use human rights to undermine the Soviet Union
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SALT II
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Agreement with the Soviets, which reduced the number of missiles, bombers, and nuclear warheads
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Carter Doctrine
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The doctrine declared that the US would use military force, if necessary, to protect its interests in the Persian Gulf. He placed an embargo on grain exports to the Soviet Union and organized a Western Boycott of the 1980 Olympics, which took place in Moscow. He withdrew the SALT II treaty from consideration by the Senate and dramatically increased American military spending
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Hostage Crisis
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When Carter in November 1979 allowed the deposed shah to seek medical treatment in the US, Khomeini’s followers invaded the American embassy in Tehran and seized 66 hostages. 14 people were soon released, leaving 52 captives. They did not regain freedom until January 1981, on the day Carter’s term as president ended. It was a sign that Reagan was a man that they could do business with.
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Me Generation
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In the United States is a term referring to the Baby Boomer generation and the self-involved qualities that some people associated with it. The Baby Boomers (Americans born during the 1946 to 1964 Baby boom) were dubbed the Me generation by writer Tom Wolfe during the 1970s; Christopher Lasch was another writer who commented on the rise of a culture of narcissism among the younger generation.[1] The phrase caught on with the general public, at a time when "self-realization" and "self-fulfillment" were becoming cultural aspirations among young people, who considered them far more important than social responsibility
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Reaganomics
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President Reagan’s philosophy of “supply side” economics, which combined tax cuts with an unregulated marketplace. He thought spending more on defense would give us more security
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Black Monday 1987
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Stock market crashed
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Oliver North
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Reagan secretly authorized the sale of arms to Iran, now involved in a war with its neighbor, Iraq, in order to secure the release of a number of American hostages held by Islamic groups in the Middle East. CIA director William Casey and Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North of the National Security Council set up a system that delivered some of the proceeds to buy military supplies for the Contras in defiance of the congressional band.
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SDI:
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Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars) was a plan to create a shield over the US with satellites to stop missiles. The soviets took it as he was going to strike. The idea was not remotely feasible technology but it appealed to Reagan’s desire to reassert America’s worldwide power.
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Reagan Doctrine
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Under the Reagan Doctrine, the United States provided overt and covert aid to anti-communist guerrillas and resistance movements in an effort to "roll back" Soviet-backed communist governments in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. The doctrine was designed to diminish Soviet influence in these regions as part of the administration's overall Cold War strategy
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INF Treaty 1987:
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The treaty eliminated nuclear and conventional ground-launched ballistic and cruise missiles with intermediate ranges, defined as between 500-5,500 km (300-3,400 miles).
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START I:
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Was a bilateral treaty between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) on the Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms.
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