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BIOL 1543: EXAM 1
Functional Groups
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Groups if atoms that confer specific properties to a molecule
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Energy of Activation
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Energy needed to have a reaction
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What is the anaerobic alternative to cellular respiration?
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Fermentation
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How food is handled in the body
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1. Burned in cellular respiration
biosynthesis
passes gut undigested
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What does an amino acid contain?
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Amino group
carboxyl group
R group |
1st Law of Thermodynamics
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Energy cannot be created or destroyed
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4 main classes of biological molecules
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Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids
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Why are lipids the exception to the monomer/polymer concept?
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We don't see repeating units
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2nd law of thermodynamic
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Energy transformations increase entropy and some energy is lost as heat
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3rd Law of thermodynamics
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As you approach absolute zero, all processes virtually stop
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Entropy
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Measure of energy for useful work
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4 hormones
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1. Testosterone
estrogen
glucocorteroids
mineralocorteroids
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Endergonic reactions
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Absorb energy and yield products rich in potential energy
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Exergonic reactions
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Release energy and yield products that contain less energy than their reactants
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What is the sum of all these reactions?
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Cellular metabolism
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Luciferin
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Stored in posterior as chemical energy
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What substances flow in or out of the cell?
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1. Nutrients
waste

chemical information
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Stages of cellular respiration
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Glycolysis
Citric acid cycle
Electron transport and chemiosmosis
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Calvin cycle
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Builds G3P for glucose and other organic molecules
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Nucleotides
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Composed of sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base
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Cohesion
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Intermolecular attraction
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Hydrogen bonds
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Interaction if hydrogen atoms and electronegative atoms
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Atomic number
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Number of protons
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Mass number
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Protons + neutrons
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Number of neutrons
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Mass number - atomic number
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Protists
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Eukaryotic organisms that are not animal, plant, or fungu
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Endomembrane system
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System of internal membranes that divide cell into functional and structural components
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Endosymbionts
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An organism lives within another organism's cells
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Smooth ER
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1. Synthesizes lipids
breaks down toxins
stores and releases calcium ions in muscle cells
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Golgi apparatus
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Finishes, sorts, and ships cell products
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Rough ER
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1. Makes membranes
makes proteins
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Lysosomes
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Sacs of enzymes that function in digestion within a cell
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