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What is the difference between evolution and adaption?
Evolution is change overtime (population) Adaptation is change according to chances of survival Fossils can help track evolution and adaptation
Describe Natural Selection and how it works
Process of evolution based on adaptation: Animals with more favorable characteristics in their environment tend to survive and pass down those traits
Charles Darwin
Discovered natural selection when studying birds (finches)
What is artificial selection?
Mirrors natural selection but is human produced to get desired results EX: dog breeding
How did the moth lab demonstrate artificial selection?
Showed how humans have an effect on the adaptation of animals (industrial revolution that caused pollution)
Why is the resistance to to pesticides that plants produce important to note?
Because animals and plants have natural selection and adapt to their surroundings and build up resistance just as humans do with medication
What is an allele?
Alternate form of a gene that is located in a specific position on a specific chromosome (DNA codings that determine traits)
Why do we use punnett square?
Track alleles of parents and map genetic possibilities of their offspring
What is a continuous trait?
One controlled by multiple genes Has a range, isn't necessarily black or white EX: height, skin color
What is a phenotype
The physical appearance caused by your genotype Your hair is red, that's the phenotype of your genetic makeup
Why are proteins important?
"Building blocks of life" Our bodies and chromosomes are all made of protein
What are nucleotides?
Nucleotides are three parts (sugar, phosphate, and base) strung together to make specific proteins according to their base (A T C G)
How do bases connect to make "rungs" on the DNA double helix?
connect using hydrogen bonds
What must cells always do before splitting?
Before they split they need to make a copy of their DNA
Describe Protein Synthesis
- starts in the nucleus where DNA triplets are "read" to create mRNA codons - mRNA codons leave the nucleus and head toward ribosomes where translation happens -Translation happens when the mRNA combine with specific tRNA which carry amino acids - The specific production of this string…
What specific reaction allows the amino acid chain to connect and become protein?
Dehydration reaction: happens in order to string together amino acids, making up a protein
What is the "Central Dogma"?
A rule that allows phenotypes to be read in only one direction?
What is RNA polymerase?
Enzyme that binds to DNA and unzips it and helps RNA bases find their match
tRNA
Transfers amino acids to connect with specific mRNA/ the string of matched mRNA codons and Amino Acids is synthesized protein
Transcription
In the nucleus DNA unzips Complementary mRNA strand forms mRNA exits nucleus to transfer the pattern into the mRNA
Translation
On the ribosome in the cytoplasm mRNA codons match with specific tRNA carrying amino acids forming synthesized protein
Proteins are made up of...
Amino acids
Three parts of amino acids
1. amino group 2. Carboxylic acid group 3. Side chain (the R group)
How many different amino acids are there? What one part changes to make them all different?
20 Side chain
Levels of Protein Structure
Primary structure: Secondary structure: Tertiary structure: Quarternary structure:
Hemoglobin Molecule
Protein with a quarternary structure
what is intelligent design?
Idea that the world must be created by a higher power
How many subunits form each naturally occuring amino acid?
3
Lammark's Contribution to Evolution
Traits acquired during a lifetime can be passed down to their offspring
Franklin
Took pic of crystalized DNA that was used to further discover DNA
Paley
Responsible for the idea of Intelligent Design
Who among the following developed the idea of natural selection at the same time as Darwin, but independently of him?
Wallace
Given ideas about the origin of living things back in the 1800s, what important idea did Louis Pasteur test in a simple experiment?
Living things can spontaneously appear from inanimate matter
What is meant by P = G x E?
For many aspects of phenotypes, what they look like or how they function depends on how genes for those aspects interact with the environment. Phenotype= Interaction between the genotype and environment
Malthus
Populations which outstrip their food supply will see fierce competition
How many human cells versus bacteria cells?
1 human cell for 100 bacteria cells
Greg Mendel
Peas- easy to manipulate breeding Either/ or: soft peas or wrinkled peas etc... Black hair OR blonde hair, not a mix
Discreet Traits
Either/or Red hair or black hair
What is a theory?
A hypothesis that has been supported after multiple tests
Descent with Modification
Term Darwin used for Evolution
Linneaus
Came up with naming system (homio sapen)
Who discovered pennecilin?
Alexander Flenning
Is DNA simple or complex?
Simple
Is protein simple or complex?
complex
Are phenotypedes simple or complex?
complex
What is a karyotype?
Pic of chromosomes (46 or 23 pairs)
Sulton Chromosome Theory
identifies chromosomes as the carries of genetic materials*
What makes nucleotides different?
the base
Watson and Crick
discovered dna is a double helix

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