49 Cards in this Set
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What is the difference between evolution and adaption?
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Evolution is change overtime (population)
Adaptation is change according to chances of survival
Fossils can help track evolution and adaptation
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Describe Natural Selection and how it works
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Process of evolution based on adaptation: Animals with more favorable characteristics in their environment tend to survive and pass down those traits
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Charles Darwin
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Discovered natural selection when studying birds (finches)
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What is artificial selection?
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Mirrors natural selection but is human produced to get desired results
EX: dog breeding
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How did the moth lab demonstrate artificial selection?
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Showed how humans have an effect on the adaptation of animals (industrial revolution that caused pollution)
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Why is the resistance to to pesticides that plants produce important to note?
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Because animals and plants have natural selection and adapt to their surroundings and build up resistance just as humans do with medication
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What is an allele?
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Alternate form of a gene that is located in a specific position on a specific chromosome (DNA codings that determine traits)
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Why do we use punnett square?
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Track alleles of parents and map genetic possibilities of their offspring
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What is a continuous trait?
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One controlled by multiple genes
Has a range, isn't necessarily black or white
EX: height, skin color
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What is a phenotype
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The physical appearance caused by your genotype
Your hair is red, that's the phenotype of your genetic makeup
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Why are proteins important?
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"Building blocks of life"
Our bodies and chromosomes are all made of protein
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What are nucleotides?
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Nucleotides are three parts (sugar, phosphate, and base) strung together to make specific proteins according to their base (A T C G)
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How do bases connect to make "rungs" on the DNA double helix?
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connect using hydrogen bonds
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What must cells always do before splitting?
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Before they split they need to make a copy of their DNA
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Describe Protein Synthesis
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- starts in the nucleus where DNA triplets are "read" to create mRNA codons
- mRNA codons leave the nucleus and head toward ribosomes where translation happens
-Translation happens when the mRNA combine with specific tRNA which carry amino acids
- The specific production of this string…
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What specific reaction allows the amino acid chain to connect and become protein?
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Dehydration reaction: happens in order to string together amino acids, making up a protein
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What is the "Central Dogma"?
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A rule that allows phenotypes to be read in only one direction?
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What is RNA polymerase?
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Enzyme that binds to DNA and unzips it and helps RNA bases find their match
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tRNA
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Transfers amino acids to connect with specific mRNA/ the string of matched mRNA codons and Amino Acids is synthesized protein
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Transcription
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In the nucleus
DNA unzips
Complementary mRNA strand forms
mRNA exits nucleus to transfer the pattern into the mRNA
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Translation
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On the ribosome in the cytoplasm
mRNA codons match with specific tRNA carrying amino acids forming synthesized protein
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Proteins are made up of...
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Amino acids
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Three parts of amino acids
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1. amino group
2. Carboxylic acid group
3. Side chain (the R group)
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How many different amino acids are there? What one part changes to make them all different?
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20
Side chain
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Levels of Protein Structure
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Primary structure:
Secondary structure:
Tertiary structure:
Quarternary structure:
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Hemoglobin Molecule
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Protein with a quarternary structure
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what is intelligent design?
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Idea that the world must be created by a higher power
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How many subunits form each naturally occuring amino acid?
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3
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Lammark's Contribution to Evolution
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Traits acquired during a lifetime can be passed down to their offspring
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Franklin
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Took pic of crystalized DNA that was used to further discover DNA
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Paley
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Responsible for the idea of Intelligent Design
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Who among the following developed the idea of natural selection at the same time as Darwin, but independently of him?
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Wallace
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Given ideas about the origin of living things back in the 1800s, what important idea did Louis Pasteur test in a simple experiment?
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Living things can spontaneously appear from inanimate matter
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What is meant by P = G x E?
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For many aspects of phenotypes, what they look like or how they function depends on how genes for those aspects interact with the environment.
Phenotype= Interaction between the genotype and environment
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Malthus
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Populations which outstrip their food supply will see fierce competition
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How many human cells versus bacteria cells?
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1 human cell for 100 bacteria cells
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Greg Mendel
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Peas- easy to manipulate breeding
Either/ or: soft peas or wrinkled peas etc...
Black hair OR blonde hair, not a mix
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Discreet Traits
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Either/or
Red hair or black hair
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What is a theory?
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A hypothesis that has been supported after multiple tests
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Descent with Modification
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Term Darwin used for Evolution
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Linneaus
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Came up with naming system (homio sapen)
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Who discovered pennecilin?
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Alexander Flenning
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Is DNA simple or complex?
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Simple
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Is protein simple or complex?
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complex
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Are phenotypedes simple or complex?
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complex
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What is a karyotype?
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Pic of chromosomes (46 or 23 pairs)
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Sulton Chromosome Theory
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identifies chromosomes as the carries of genetic materials*
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What makes nucleotides different?
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the base
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Watson and Crick
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discovered dna is a double helix
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