76 Cards in this Set
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104
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The average home gets ___ channels of cable.
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Ships
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Radio was initially used for safety between ______.
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Camera Obscura
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a dark box or room with a small hole in it that allowed an inverted image of an outside scene to be shown on the opposite inner wall
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Joseph Niepce
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created a picture using an asphalt-like material that hardened after being exposed to light; however the picture was very unclear and required an exposure time of eight hours
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Louis Daguerre
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a French scene painter and inventor of the daguerreotype; partnered with Niepce
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daguerreotype
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a method of creating a positive image on a metal plate
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Matthew B. Brady
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a famous photographer of the nineteenth century who took portraits of many well-known people of his day as well as Civil War battlefield photographs; has been criticized for "arranging" his subjects including battlefield corpses for dramatic photo composition purposes
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Photo Industry Today
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Digital photography: portable, easy, convenient
· Powerful cameras for professionals and amateurs
· Minimal need for manual adjustments to camera
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Four Functions of Movie Industry
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· Entertainment
· Art, cultural transmission
· Social Influence
· Profits
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Thomas Alva Edison
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inventor whose inventions include the electric light, the phonograph, and the Kinetoscope; Edison's lab in Menlo Park, New Jersey, had over 60 scientists and produced as many as four hundred patent applications a year
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Louis and Auguste Lumiere
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Frenchman who manufactured a more portable camera than Edison's Kinetoscope, film processing unit, and projector which they patented in 1895; suitcase sized and enabled them to shoot footage in the morning, process it in the afternoon, and project it for an audience in the evening throug…
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The Silent Era
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the ability to add sound wasn't technologically possible yet; could easily cross the language barriers because they could be easily translated; the storytelling aspects of the earliest films were quite limited and short in duration (a few minutes in length)
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Georges Melies
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an early french filmmaker who pioneered the use of special effects in film in order to show imaginative stories
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Birth of a Nation
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D.W. Griffith; the first major full-length film and introduced many innovative cinematic techniques; portrayed battle scenes; did contain overt racism
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Nosferatu
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Created in 1922 by F.W. Murnau, an adaptation of Dracula by Bram Stoker; Murnau helped to develop the language of film.
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Movie Industry Today
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No longer vertically integrated: studios don’t control everything; theater chains are independently owned
· Studio control
· Large up-front investment
· Marketing and distribution
· Cooperation with television
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Marketing and Distribution for Movies
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- Advertising on TV; 60% of spending on marketing is on network and cable tv advertising
-Exhibition windows; first-run theaters
-Movie industry first boycotted tv, but then started selling their previously released movies to the television networks
-Start with domestic theatrical rele…
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Television
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People still spend more time watching tv than they spend with any other medium; most common way to to get tv is cable; time shift was a huge factor
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Time Shift
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the recording of an audio or video event for listening or viewing later, rather than at the time of the original broadcast. (Ex. DVR)
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Television Distribution
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Broadcasting: traditional means of over-the-air distribution
Cable TV: CATV, Coaxial cable, optical fiber
Satellite TV: direct-broadcast-satellite, requires dishes
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Community Antenna Television (CATV)
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first systems of cable TV; main function was to bring TV signals into communities where over-the-air reception was nonexistent or poor due to hilly terrain or distance
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Coaxial Table
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an insulated and conducting wire that is typically used for most cable connections
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Optical fiber
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A transparent filament, usually made of glass or plastic, that uses light to carry information. this makes transmission of information much faster and with much greater capacity than twisted-pair copper wires or coaxial cable.
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time space compression
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the idea that electronic communication has essentially reduced distances between people because of nearly instantaneous communication which has also "sped up" our notions of time
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Postal System
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an important communications network that existed long before the invention of the telegraph; important as a means to distribute news
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Telegraphy
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1837 Samuel Morse created and patented the electromagnetic telegraph which was the first technology that could put information into electric form and transmit it reliably over great distances
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Satellites
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Upgrades:
1) they have substantial bandwidth, or communications capacity
2) permit ground-based media to communicate with parties in remote corners of the globe
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Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
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a Web protocol that enables standardized transfer of text, audio, and video files from one address to another
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Web page
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any document, or collection of content (such as text, graphics, photographs, audio, video, or interactive features), that resides on a website
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Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
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A coding format that describes how information should look on the Web
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Extensible markup language (HML)
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A coding format similar to HTML but which permits easy sharing of information and data about the information on the Web, not only how it looks.
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World Wide Web (WWW)
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a subset of the Internet; a global electronic-publishing medium accessed through the Internet
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graphical user interface (GUI)
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System software that allows users to have direct control of the hardware by manipulating visible objects (such as icons) and actions, which replace command syntax.
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Internet Explorer
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Microsoft's own graphical browser
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Firefox
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created by the Mozilla Foundation; the first serious competition to Internet Explorer
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Sarnoff's Law
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Created by RCA executive David Sarnoff, it states that the value of a network increases linearly with the number of people on it; useful for understanding radio and television networks, but fails to consider a network in which members can communicate such as the internet
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Metcalfe's Law
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the value of a network rises in proportion to the square of the number of people on that network; in other words, the more people who are connected to a network in which they can communicate with each other such as the Internet, the more valuable the network becomes
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Peer-to-peer network (P2P)
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a network in which all computers on the network are considered equals (peers) and can send and receive information equally well; this is the basis of file-sharing services
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Spam
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unwanted email sent out by advertisers as a mass mailing; takes away bandwidth from legitimate Internet users, slowing the system down
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Usenet
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the first file-sharing service; members posted files to a newsgroup to share with anyone subscribed to that group, and group members could download and save the files on their computers
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Napster
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program created by Shawn Fanning; let Internet users easily share MP3 files; changed music industry and made it much easier to freely share music
led the RIAA and the major record labels to take legal action against Napster and other file-sharing services; eventually Napster bloc…
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Viral Marketing
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spreading news and information about media content through word of mouth, usually via online discussion groups, chats and emails, without utilizing traditional advertising and marketing methods
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Web 2.0
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the term was meant to symbolize a few changing aspects of the Web; 1) Web being revived after the dot-com collapse 2) changing of the uses of the Web, involving more people working with and talking to each other than had been seen before
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(Social Media) Differences with Traditional Media
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- change from a one-to-many model to a more dialogic model of many-to-many communication
- publish then filter (traditional is filter then publish)
- low cost
- no strong agenda setting
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Agenda setting
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a role the media play in deciding which topics to cover and thus, by virtue of the fact that the media has covered them, which topics the public deems important and discussion worthy
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Choice (Changing Habits)
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We can pick and choose where we get our information and how we share our information
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Conversation (Changing Habits)
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Talking back
Comcast was at the bottom of the customer satisfaction index and social media outlets were able to complain and fix it
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Curation (Changing Habits)
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How you choose to get your news
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Tagging
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Defining a piece of information, file, image, or other type of digital media in a nonhierarchical system that helps describe what the information is.
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Folksonomies
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a collection of tags created by users that provide metadata, or data about data, regarding information
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Creation (Changing Habits)
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We’re able to create content
Upload a YouTube video, post on Facebook, Twitter, etc.
Legal concerns
Fair use, copying from other people, copyrighted music
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Collaboration (Changing Habits)
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Sharing information and ideas; Open Source Movement
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Widget
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A portable chunk of code that can be embedded in HTML pages and that often gives users extra functionality to their pages
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Email
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electronic mail; one of the first uses of the internet and until 2008 was the most popular internet activity; exchange of messages via telecommunication between two people
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Listservs
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also known as listserves, they are automated mailing-list administrators that allow for easy subscription, subscription cancellation, and sending of emails to subscribers on the list
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Opt-In
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A mailing list in which the user has chosen to receive emails and marketing materials
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Discussion Board
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a type of online "bulletin board" where Internet users can post messages that can be seen by others coming to the discussion board and in which they can post responses to previous messages, or posts, or create their own discussions on a new topic
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Newsgroups
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categories for discussion groups within Usenet
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lurking
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practice of only reading what others write in online forums without contributing to the discussions
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Instant Messaging
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a form of real-time communication through typed text over a computer network
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scrolling
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the practice of simply repeating the same message in a chat room, which quickly draws the ire of other participants
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Wiki
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a website that lets anyone add, edit, or delete pages and content; Ex: Wikipedia
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Surveillance
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primarily the journalism function of mass communication, which provides information about the processes, issues, events, and other developments in society
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Correlation
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the ways in which media interprets events and issues and ascribes meanings that help individuals understand their roles within the larger society and culture
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Cultural Transmission
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the transference of the dominant culture, as well as its subcultures, from one generation to the next or to immigrants, which helps people learn how to fit into society
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Associated Press
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founded as a not-for-profit members' cooperative in 1848 by a group of 6 NY newspaper publishers in order to share the costs of gathering news by telegraph. Today 1,700 newspapers and 5,000 television and radio stations are members of this news-gathering organization
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Mary Shadd Cary
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the first African American woman to edit a weekly newspaper. She founded and edited the Provincial Freeman in Canada after leaving the US so she would not be captured and put into slavery because of the Fugitive Slave Act
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Ida B. Wells
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a female African American journalist in the latter nineteenth century who wrote and fought against racism and black lynching
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Sensational Journalism
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News that exaggerates or features lurid details and depictions of events in order to get a larger audience
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William Randolph Hearst
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Influential American newspaper magnate during the late 19th and early 20th century whose newspapers across the US specialized in sensational journalism and political influence
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Joseph Pulitzer
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influential owner of American newspapers whose publications competed vigorously with those owned by Hearst, often resorting to sensational journalism. After about 1900, Pulitzer turned away from sensational journalism to develop a more socially conscious style of news reporting and muckr…
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Yellow Journalism
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a style of journalism practiced especially by publishers Pulitzer and Hearst during the late 1890s in which stories were sensationalized and often partly or wholly made up in order to be more dramatic
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Muckrakers
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a group of journalists in the latter nineteenth and early twentieth centuries who investigated business and political corruption. Their activities were likened to raking up mud, or muck, by Theodore Roosevelt, who meant it as a term of derision.
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Edward R. Murrow
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a radio, and, later, television journalist who set the standard for journalistic excellence on television during TV's golden age
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Electronic News-Gathering (ENG) Equipment
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tools such as video cameras & satellite dishes that allow journalists to gather & broadcast news much more quickly than in the past
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News hole
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a term typically used with newspapers, it refers to the amount of total space available after advertisement space has been blocked out
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JOUR 201: Exam 3