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ARCH 212: MID-TERM
What design elements encourage the use and facilitate the success of urban open
spaces?*
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sitting space
sun, wind, trees, water
food
street relationship
triangulation of activities
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Egocentrism
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Resoursism |
Resoursism |
Conservation
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Ecocentrism
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Preservation
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Biophillia Hypothesis *
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There is a instinctive bond b/t humans beings and living systems.
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Biphobia Hypothesis
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Humans have a genetic predisposition about nature, potentially dangerous.
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Stress Reduction Theory *
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Stress reduction is effected by the viewing of nature
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Attention Restoration Theory*
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Directed attention vs. Restored attention.
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Refuge
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CLOSED IN
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Prospect
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OPEN
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Gender difference in preference for refuge and prospect
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Women= Refuge
Men =Prospect
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Pleasure of Prospect to Water
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"...it augments a sense of comfort, especially when it is still or gently flowing..."
we like: infinity pools, sound of water (white noise), still & moving water
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Berlyne's aesthetics
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Surprisingness
Incongruity
Novelty
Complexity
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Kaplan and Kaplan's preference model
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Understanding Exploration
Immediate Coherence Complexity
Predicted Legibility Mystery
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Affective Appraisal
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unpleasant -pleasant v. Arousing- not arousing
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Concept of Biophillic Design *
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the deliberate attempt to translate an understanding of biophillia.
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Benefits of Biopillic Design *
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Reduce stress
improve cognitive, function and creativity
improve well being and healing
improves learning haling and work.
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Dimensions 1 of biophillic design
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Shape form built in the environment:
-Directly
-indirectly
-symbolically
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Dimension 2 Biophillic Design
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Building and landscape that connects to the culture and the ecology of a geographic are:
Sense of place vs. placelessness
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4 stages of Biophillic design
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Direct Nature
Evoking nature
Nature material
Spirit of place
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What is personal space?
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buffer zone and interpersonal boundary regulation
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Two Functions of Personal Space
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Protection
Communication
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Hall's spatial zone *
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Intimate: 0-1.5
Personal: 1.5-4
Social: 4-12
Public: >12
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Shape of the personal space bubble.
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Vertical oval
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What influences the size of personal space?
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situational conditions (attraction, similarity)
individual differences (cultural/ethnic)
physical conditions (room size)
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What is Territory?
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Visible stationary areas that reflects from ownership.
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Types of Territory
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Primary- home
Secondary- classroom
Public- beach
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Functions of territories
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Organizing functions
Higher-order needs
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Territory and Aggression
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Established = increase in stability decrease in aggression.
Unestablished = decrease in stability increase in aggression.
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Linear Perspective
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Perception size, depth, and distance
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Forced Perspective
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Objects and people create the illusion of distance.
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Holistic Analysis
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emphasis the complexity of interaction of the environment stimuli and personality on the receiver.
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Gestalt psychology
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Visual perception
Group visual as a whole.
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Gestalt Principals (5)
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Similarity
Continuation
Closure
Proximity
Figure and Ground
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Similarity
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objects that similar to each other.
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Continuation
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compelled to move through one object and continue.
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Closure
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object is not completely closed.
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Proximity
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elements put close to together that is perceived to be a group.
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Figure and Ground
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Eye differentiation form its surroundings.
Figure= object ground= background.
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5 Elements of Cognitive Mapping. *
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Path
Landmarks
Edges
Nodes
Districts
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Impact of Spatial Structure and geometric shape on Wayfinding |
Complexity and Legibility
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You are here maps.
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Forward-up equivalence w/ vertical placement.
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Good Path
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Identity
Continuity
Directional Quality
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Good Edge
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Continuity
Visibility
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Good Districts
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Common identifying character
Reinforcement
Social Connotation
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Good Nodes
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Junction of path
Thematic concentration
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Good Landmark
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Clear form
Contrast with Background
Prominence of spatial location
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Wayfinding G1*
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Site planning and exterior arch. should facilitate locating the entrance needed by the patient family.
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WF G2
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Avoid building designs with unnecessary complicated floor plans, irregular, angles, and many turns.
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WF G3
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Provide distinctive interior landmarks.
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WF G4
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Provide large interior space.
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WF G5
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Provide corridor window views to outside to help orient users.
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WF G6
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Provide easy to read you are here maps.
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WF G7*
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Signs should use a limit number easy to read comprehensible terms and numbering.
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