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ANTH 210: EXAM 2
Religion (Wallace)
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belief and ritual concerned with supernatural beings powers and forces
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Durkeim on religion
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sacred and profane (religious effervescence)
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Turner on religion
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communitas - intense cimmunity spirit, a feeling, feeling of great social solidary, equality, and togetherness
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Animism
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earliest form of religion, a belief in spiritual beings
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Tylor on religion
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religion arose as people tried to understand conditions and events they could not explain
religion evolved through stages Animism
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Mana
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sacred impersonal force that can reside in people. Animals, plants, and objects
Prominent in Melanesia and Polynesia
Polynesia - attached to political offices
Melanesia - any can acquire mana by chance, or by working hard to get it
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Magic
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supernatural techniques intended to accomplish specific aims
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Imitative Magic
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magicians produce a desired effect by imitating it
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Contagious Magic
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whatever is done to object believed to affect person who once has contact with that object
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Malinowski on magic
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" people turn to magic as means of control when they face uncertainty and danger"
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Trobraid Islanders
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used magic only in situations (e.g. sailing) they could not control
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Ritual
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formal (stylized, repetitive, and stereotyped) behavior performed in sacred places at set times
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liturgical order
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sequence of words and actions set before performance of the ritual
Convey information about the participants and their traditions
Often embodied: involve the body in an action
Translate enduring messages, values, and sentiments into action
Help to identify people: help to communicate social identity (who’s an insider and who’s an outsider) verbal communication Ex: who knows the yell and who doesn’t know the yells at a football game
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Rites of passage
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· customs associated with the transition from one place or stag of life to another
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3 Stages of rites of passage
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Separation: separating from the group that you are in before you go to the next phase
Liminality: temporary suspension and even reversal of ordinary social distinctions, behaviors, and expectations, period between phases (always charged and dangerous because they can fail)
Incorporation: reintroduction of member with new status into society with the new status
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Protestant Values (Weber)
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linked the spread of capitalism to the values preached by early protestant leaders
placed premium on hard work, an ascetic life, and profit seeking
rational business organization required removal of production from the home
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Cargo Cults
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Revitalization movements: social movements that occur in times of change
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Homogenization, Indigenization, or Hybridization?
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Global spread of Pentecostalism is:
Process of Western cultural domination and homogenization
A Process in which diffused cultural affirms respond to local needs and are differentiated and indigenized
Robbins - form of cultural hybridization: global and local features appear with equal intensity within Pentecostal cultures
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Antimodernism |
rejection of modern for perceived earlier, purer, and better way of life
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Fundamentalists
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antimodernism movement in religion that seeks to rescue religion from absorption into modern, Western culture
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Baseball magic
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Fewer rituals from fielding because fielders have more control
Pitchers may tug caps, spit, manipulate the resin bag, talk to the ball, and wash hands after a run scores
Batters may kiss bats, ritualize batting, and spit in specific ways
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Political systems
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At the present they are all mixed, and all exist within a nation-state, cannot be studies separately
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Bands |
small kin-based groups found among foragers
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Tribes |
non-intensive food production (horticulture and pastoralism) organized by kin groups
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Chiefdom |
Intermediate between tribe and state
large, kin-based
featured differential access to resources (wealth, power, and prestige) and permanent political structure
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State
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formal government and socioeconomic stratification
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The San
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Forging band
operates as rural underclassman
now tend cattle for more wealthy Bantu rather than forage independently
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The Inuit conflict resolution
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settling disputes in stateless societies - song battles
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gender stratification
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unequal distribution of resources, power, prestige, and personal freedom between men and women
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____ diminishes as village size and population density ____
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egalitarianism; increases
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The Village Head
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Example: Yanomami - horticulturalists who also hunt and gather
always a man, severely limited authority
must lead by example and persuasion
lead in generosity
not isolated from the outside
mediate disputes
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The "Big Man"
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Melanesian Islands, Papua New Guinea
almost always male, supporters in several village
Achieved status
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Sodalities
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non-kin groups, often on common age or gender, that linked local groups in tribal societies
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Pantribal sodalities
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All Plains societies developed pantirbal sodalities to police the summer hunt
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Bassari
population
coordinating movements
leaders (Khan)
Authority of Khan derived from...
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Small population
Fewer problems in coordinating movements of group
Rights, religious duties, and authorites of the Bassari leader (Khan) were weaker than those of the Qashqai Khans
Authority of khan derived from personal traits rather than office
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Quashquai
population
khans, authority structure
auth of khan derived from...
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Large population
Complex, hierarchical authority structure and more powerful khans were needed to manage population
Authority of khan derived from office rather than person traits
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_____ are characterized by a continuum, not by social status or stratification
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chiefdoms
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Webers 3 dimensions
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wealth - economic status
power - ability to exercise ones will over others
presitge - esteem, respect, or approval for acts, deeds or qualities considered
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Specialized functions in all states
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population control
judiciary
enforcement
fiscal
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Social Control (Kottak)
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fields of social systems most actively involved in maintenance of norms and the regulation of any conflict
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Hegemony
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stratified social order in which subordinates comply with domination by internalizing their rulers’ values and accepting the “naturalness” of domination
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Weapons of the Weak
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o Often, hegemonic situations have active resistance at individual level
o Malay peasants used indirect strategy to resist an Islamic tithe
o
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Carnival
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Hidden transcripts tend to be expressed publicly at certain times and certain places
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Igbo Women's War
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Shame and ridicule used by women against men a key role in decisive protest movement in southeastern Nigeria in late 1929
British implemented indirect rule by appointing local men as their agents
A tax in 1929 caused thousands of Igbo women to protest
Censored and shamed men using song and dance ridicule
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