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Jour 201: Mass Comm
The Communication Question |
Who conveys what message to whom through what channel to what effect? |
Models of Communication |
a source sends a message, through a channel, to receiver(s), producing some effect |
Types of Communication |
intrapersonal
interpersonal
mass |
Interpersonal vs Mass Communications |
Interpersonal: source is one person; receiver is one person
Mass: source is an organization; receiver is a large audience |
Interpersonal Communication |
-constant feedback
-2-way comm
-personalization
|
We communicate successfully only when meaning is shared |
... |
Mediated Communication |
messages conveyed through a a medium rather than face-to-face |
Mediated interpersonal communication |
-sharing of personal message through form of interposed device
-not face-to-face |
Mediated Interpersonal communication differs from mass comm |
-messages don't go through large audience
-not produced by professionals
-allows some amount of interaction and feedback |
Convergence |
the merging of technologies, industries, and content |
Media Ownership-major companies |
Time Warner
Viacom/CBS
Disney
News Corp.
NBC-Universal |
Media Ownership |
-profit media
-globalization of values/culture
-gatekeepers |
Impact issues |
deal with how the media affect society and how they affect individuals within society |
Legal issues |
deal with media practices that are governed by law such a libel, invasion of privacy and antitrust actions |
Ethical issues |
deal with the idea of whether certain media practices are right or wrong from a moral point view |
Impact, legal, and ethical issues are related |
... |
Cultural Studies |
analysis of media and the understanding of meaning
-gender
-race-political/economic |
Correlation |
only proves that two things occurred at the same time, not that one thing caused the other |
Correlation doesn't equal |
casuation |
The Payne Fund Studies (1929) |
explored the influence of movies on children.
concerned children were "modeling" antisocial behaviors in movies
*Bullet Theory |
Bulletin Theory |
Direct effect |
The People's Choice Study (1940) |
-selective exposure caused Republicans to avoid messages that seemed to support Roosevelt, while Democrats would seek out these messages
-Two-step Flow |
Two-Step Flow |
Mass Media
|
Opinion Leaders
|
Follower |
Social Learning Theory |
based on the assumption that people learn how to behave by observing others.
The "Bobo Doll" experiments (Bandura, 1961) |
Individual Differences Theory |
mass media will affect users in different ways |
Cultivation Theory |
the media will shape and distort how people view the world |
Agenda-Setting Theory |
the mass media influence what you think about and your perception of what is important |
Absolutist |
there is either a right or wrong response for every ethical decision.
-religious ideals, rigidly enforced |
Situational ethics |
ethical choices can made rationally without a rigid adherence to a predetermined set of rules.
"Relativistic"
|
TARES |
Truthfulness
Authenticity
Respect
Equity
Social Responsibility
|
Ethical Enforcement |
Gatekeepers, Standards/practices, Ombudsman, Professional societies |
Standards and practices |
TV & Film |
Ombudsman |
Newspapers |
What was the first newspaper in America? |
Publick Occurrences both Foreign & Domestick
-published by Benjamnin Harris |
Seditious libel |
illegal to print derogatory or potentially inflammorty remarks about the government or its members |
The Zenger Case (1735) |
established that Newspapers had the right to print the truth about government actions |
Partisan Press |
newspapers owned or supported by political party |
The Penny Press |
appeared in 1830s
Industrial Rev
era of inexpensive, advertiser supported newspapers
*brought newspapers to the masses
|
The New York Sun |
first penny press |
Ethical Issues |
yelllow journalism |
The Quality Press |
dawn of the 20th century: NY Times, Wall Street Journal, Christian Science Monitor
-American Society of Newspaper editors was formed in 1923
|
Inverted Pyramid |
who, what, when, where, why, how
-Most important info
-supporting data & examples
-least important info |
Johannes Gutenberg |
came up with idea of moveable metal type |
First U.S. printing press |
1683 Cambridge, MA (Harvard)
-Bay Psalm Book |
Industrial Rev |
mass production of books
1914-"book rate" |
Printing changed the world from one of…. |
Oral Culture to Literature culture |
Banned Books |
James Joyce's Ulysses
Tarzan
Heather has Two Mommies
Cather in the Rye
|
Body Dissatisfaction |
by 17 yrs old, 78% of women say they hate their bodies
90% of high school girls think they're overweight |
Social Comparison Theory |
we compare ourselves with others (naturally)
we tend to compare ourselves with imagined ideal selves
|
Stages of Media Development |
1. Elite stage
2. Popular Stage
3. Specialized stage |
Elite Stage |
only the richest & best-educated member of society make use of them |
Popular stage |
a truly mass audience takes advantage of them |
Specialized stage |
media tend to break up into segments for audience members with diverse and specialized interests |
Controversies |
Newsweek: reported that a Koran had been flushed down the toliet by guard at the US military prison in Cuba |
Kinetograph |
a camera to take motion pictures |
Kinetoscope |
a device to show motion pictures |
The Trust |
primary patent holders and film produces of the US and France- movie film could only be sold to them |
Pre-Talkies |
1920s
-silent era
-block booking |
The Golden Age |
1930s
-development of sound and color
-first full-length sound feature (Warner Brother's The Jazz Singer) |
Film Noir |
1940s & 1950s
-film industry reacts to tv
-est rating system
-teen audience
|
Blockbusters |
1970s-Directors Decade |
Marketing |
the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion and distribution of ideas, goods, and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational objectives |
Advertising |
is a paid, mass-mediated attempt to persuade |
Advertisement |
specific messages designed to persuade an audience |
Advertising Campaign |
an integrated series of ads and promotions that communicate a central theme or idea |
Integrated Brand Promotion/Integrated Marketing Campaigns |
coordinating promotional tools with advertising to build and maintain brand awareness, identify and preference |
Marketing Mix: the 4 Ps |
Product
Place
Promotion
Price
--Perceived Value
|
IBP starts and ends with… |
the consumer |
Health Communication |
Encompasses that study and use of communication strategies to inform and influence individual and community decisions that enhance health |
Basic Campaign Design |
Target Audience
Objectives/Goals
Strategy
Evaluation |
Health Communications
Strategies |
Social Marketing
Health Marketing |
Social Marketing |
Social marketing is the use of marketing principles to influence human behavior in order to improve health or benefit society
*Behavior Change* |
Health Marketing |
Campaigns that focus on better health |
Public Relations |
the management function that establishes and maintains mutually beneficial relationships between an organization and the publics on whom its success and failure depends |
Social Media |
describes technologies that people use to share content, opinions, insights, experiences, and perspectives by interacting with each other in an environment |
Crowdsourcing |
obtaining services through work that comes from an undefined public |
Two Types of Crowsourcing |
Implicit
Explicit |
Scholarly Research |
formal, scientific, systematic |
Propriety research |
commissioned for private use |
Framing |
Goffman
-any event can be described in terms of a focus
|
"Three Fathers" of modern Radio |
Geulielmo Macronia
Reginal Fessenden
Lee De Forest
|
War of the Wolrds |
widespread panic through newspaper and radio ads |
Payola |
Pay for Play
-radio programing TV infomercial |
Contemporary radio |
news/talk, adult contemporary, top 40, country, urban, spanish |
Nonprofit Radio |
25% of studio is set aside for _____ (1934 Communications Act) |
Telecommunications Act of 1996 |
removed most the restrictions in ownership, encouraging consolidation in the industry |
major recording labels |
universal
sony
EMI
warner |
Health Communication
Key exampls: |
VERB program
Go Red for Women |
Key feature of Nonprofits |
1. Voluntary, non-coercive
2. No profits to distribute to stakeholders
3. Operate without simple, clear lines of ownership and accountability |
Explicit Crowdsourcing |
lets users work together on specific taks |
Implicit crowdsourcing |
users are solving a problem as a side effect of some other activity |
Open Source |
the creative practice of appropriation and free sharing of found and created content |
Prosumerism |
Consumers proactively engaged in finishing the production of special goods or services, and are necessary for companies interested in mass pro ducting highly customized products |
Catharsis |
a theory that viewing violence actually reduces violent behavior |