Jour 201: Mass Comm
94 Cards in this Set
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The Communication Question
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Who conveys what message to whom through what channel to what effect?
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Models of Communication
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a source sends a message, through a channel, to receiver(s), producing some effect
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Types of Communication
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intrapersonal
interpersonal
mass
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Interpersonal vs Mass Communications
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Interpersonal: source is one person; receiver is one person
Mass: source is an organization; receiver is a large audience
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Interpersonal Communication
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-constant feedback
-2-way comm
-personalization
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We communicate successfully only when meaning is shared
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...
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Mediated Communication
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messages conveyed through a a medium rather than face-to-face
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Mediated interpersonal communication
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-sharing of personal message through form of interposed device
-not face-to-face
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Mediated Interpersonal communication differs from mass comm
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-messages don't go through large audience
-not produced by professionals
-allows some amount of interaction and feedback
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Convergence
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the merging of technologies, industries, and content
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Media Ownership-major companies
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Time Warner
Viacom/CBS
Disney
News Corp.
NBC-Universal
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Media Ownership
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-profit media
-globalization of values/culture
-gatekeepers
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Impact issues
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deal with how the media affect society and how they affect individuals within society
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Legal issues
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deal with media practices that are governed by law such a libel, invasion of privacy and antitrust actions
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Ethical issues
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deal with the idea of whether certain media practices are right or wrong from a moral point view
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Impact, legal, and ethical issues are related
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...
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Cultural Studies
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analysis of media and the understanding of meaning
-gender
-race-political/economic
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Correlation
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only proves that two things occurred at the same time, not that one thing caused the other
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Correlation doesn't equal
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casuation
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The Payne Fund Studies (1929)
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explored the influence of movies on children.
concerned children were "modeling" antisocial behaviors in movies
*Bullet Theory
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Bulletin Theory
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Direct effect
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The People's Choice Study (1940)
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-selective exposure caused Republicans to avoid messages that seemed to support Roosevelt, while Democrats would seek out these messages
-Two-step Flow
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Two-Step Flow
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Mass Media
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Opinion Leaders
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Follower
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Social Learning Theory
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based on the assumption that people learn how to behave by observing others.
The "Bobo Doll" experiments (Bandura, 1961)
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Individual Differences Theory
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mass media will affect users in different ways
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Cultivation Theory
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the media will shape and distort how people view the world
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Agenda-Setting Theory
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the mass media influence what you think about and your perception of what is important
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Absolutist
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there is either a right or wrong response for every ethical decision.
-religious ideals, rigidly enforced
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Situational ethics
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ethical choices can made rationally without a rigid adherence to a predetermined set of rules.
"Relativistic"
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TARES
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Truthfulness
Authenticity
Respect
Equity
Social Responsibility
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Ethical Enforcement
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Gatekeepers, Standards/practices, Ombudsman, Professional societies
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Standards and practices
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TV & Film
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Ombudsman
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Newspapers
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What was the first newspaper in America?
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Publick Occurrences both Foreign & Domestick
-published by Benjamnin Harris
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Seditious libel
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illegal to print derogatory or potentially inflammorty remarks about the government or its members
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The Zenger Case (1735)
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established that Newspapers had the right to print the truth about government actions
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Partisan Press
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newspapers owned or supported by political party
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The Penny Press
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appeared in 1830s
Industrial Rev
era of inexpensive, advertiser supported newspapers
*brought newspapers to the masses
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The New York Sun
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first penny press
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Ethical Issues
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yelllow journalism
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The Quality Press
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dawn of the 20th century: NY Times, Wall Street Journal, Christian Science Monitor
-American Society of Newspaper editors was formed in 1923
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Inverted Pyramid
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who, what, when, where, why, how
-Most important info
-supporting data & examples
-least important info
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Johannes Gutenberg
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came up with idea of moveable metal type
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First U.S. printing press
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1683 Cambridge, MA (Harvard)
-Bay Psalm Book
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Industrial Rev
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mass production of books
1914-"book rate"
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Printing changed the world from one of….
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Oral Culture to Literature culture
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Banned Books
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James Joyce's Ulysses
Tarzan
Heather has Two Mommies
Cather in the Rye
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Body Dissatisfaction
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by 17 yrs old, 78% of women say they hate their bodies
90% of high school girls think they're overweight
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Social Comparison Theory
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we compare ourselves with others (naturally)
we tend to compare ourselves with imagined ideal selves
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Stages of Media Development
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1. Elite stage
2. Popular Stage
3. Specialized stage
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Elite Stage
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only the richest & best-educated member of society make use of them
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Popular stage
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a truly mass audience takes advantage of them
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Specialized stage
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media tend to break up into segments for audience members with diverse and specialized interests
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Controversies
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Newsweek: reported that a Koran had been flushed down the toliet by guard at the US military prison in Cuba
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Kinetograph
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a camera to take motion pictures
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Kinetoscope
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a device to show motion pictures
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The Trust
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primary patent holders and film produces of the US and France- movie film could only be sold to them
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Pre-Talkies
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1920s
-silent era
-block booking
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The Golden Age
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1930s
-development of sound and color
-first full-length sound feature (Warner Brother's The Jazz Singer)
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Film Noir
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1940s & 1950s
-film industry reacts to tv
-est rating system
-teen audience
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Blockbusters
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1970s-Directors Decade
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Marketing
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the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion and distribution of ideas, goods, and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational objectives
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Advertising
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is a paid, mass-mediated attempt to persuade
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Advertisement
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specific messages designed to persuade an audience
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Advertising Campaign
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an integrated series of ads and promotions that communicate a central theme or idea
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Integrated Brand Promotion/Integrated Marketing Campaigns
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coordinating promotional tools with advertising to build and maintain brand awareness, identify and preference
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Marketing Mix: the 4 Ps
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Product
Place
Promotion
Price
--Perceived Value
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IBP starts and ends with…
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the consumer
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Health Communication
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Encompasses that study and use of communication strategies to inform and influence individual and community decisions that enhance health
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Basic Campaign Design
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Target Audience
Objectives/Goals
Strategy
Evaluation
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Health Communications
Strategies
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Social Marketing
Health Marketing
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Social Marketing
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Social marketing is the use of marketing principles to influence human behavior in order to improve health or benefit society
*Behavior Change*
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Health Marketing
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Campaigns that focus on better health
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Public Relations
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the management function that establishes and maintains mutually beneficial relationships between an organization and the publics on whom its success and failure depends
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Social Media
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describes technologies that people use to share content, opinions, insights, experiences, and perspectives by interacting with each other in an environment
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Crowdsourcing
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obtaining services through work that comes from an undefined public
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Two Types of Crowsourcing
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Implicit
Explicit
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Scholarly Research
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formal, scientific, systematic
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Propriety research
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commissioned for private use
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Framing
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Goffman
-any event can be described in terms of a focus
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"Three Fathers" of modern Radio
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Geulielmo Macronia
Reginal Fessenden
Lee De Forest
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War of the Wolrds
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widespread panic through newspaper and radio ads
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Payola
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Pay for Play
-radio programing TV infomercial
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Contemporary radio
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news/talk, adult contemporary, top 40, country, urban, spanish
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Nonprofit Radio
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25% of studio is set aside for _____ (1934 Communications Act)
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Telecommunications Act of 1996
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removed most the restrictions in ownership, encouraging consolidation in the industry
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major recording labels
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universal
sony
EMI
warner
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Health Communication
Key exampls:
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VERB program
Go Red for Women
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Key feature of Nonprofits
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1. Voluntary, non-coercive
2. No profits to distribute to stakeholders
3. Operate without simple, clear lines of ownership and accountability
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Explicit Crowdsourcing
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lets users work together on specific taks
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Implicit crowdsourcing
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users are solving a problem as a side effect of some other activity
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Open Source
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the creative practice of appropriation and free sharing of found and created content
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Prosumerism
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Consumers proactively engaged in finishing the production of special goods or services, and are necessary for companies interested in mass pro ducting highly customized products
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Catharsis
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a theory that viewing violence actually reduces violent behavior
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JOUR 201: Exam 3