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PSYC 324: TEST 1
The Active Child
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Idea that children contribute to their own development, and their contributions increase as they get older
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Continuous Development
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age-related changes occur gradually
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Discontinuous Development
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Age-related changes include occasional large shifts - STEPS
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Sociocultural Context
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Refers to the physical, social, cultural, economic, and historical circumstances that make up any child's environment
ENVIRONMENT
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4 Steps to Scientific Method
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1. choose a question
2. formulate a hypothesis
3. test the hypothesis
4. draw a conclusion
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Structured Interview
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research procedure in which all participants are asked to answer the same questions
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Clinical Interview
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procedure in which questions are adjusted in accord with answers the interviewee provides
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Rating Scale
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Completion of a survey - norm referenced
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Norm-Referenced
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Needs to be tested on more than one child - needs to be comparable
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Experimental Control
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specific experiences that child refers to the ability of the researcher to determine having during the course of the experiment
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Naturalistic Experiments
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data collected in everyday settings rather than laboratories
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Single Case Design
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in-depth observation of one or a few children over time
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Age/History Confound
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in longitudinal research, the co-occurance of historical factors with change in age (EX. 9/11 - Traumatic Experience)
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Cohort effects
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In cross-sectional research -Characteristics shared by children growing up in a specific social and historical context (EX. daycare)
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Gametes
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Egg & Sperm
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Zygote |
Fertilized Egg
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Germinal Period
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First 2 weeks
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Embryonic Period
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2 weeks- 8 weeks (MOST CRITICAL PERIOD)
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Fetal Period
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8 week - birth
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Neural Tube
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U-shaped groove formed from the top layer of differentiated cells in the embryo - eventually the brain & spinal cord
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Principles of Teratology
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1. Susceptibility
2. Critical or Sensitive Periods
3. Access
4. Dose-Response Relationships
5. Teratogenic Response
diff. teratogens have diff. effects on diff. people
6. Interference with Specific Mechanisms
7. Developmental Delay/Sleeper Effects
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Symptoms
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low birthweight
premature
facial abnormalities
brain damage
physical complications
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Cigarette smoking/secondhand smoke
(has been linked to....)
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Sids
(has been linked to.....)
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Teratogen: Marijuana
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SUSPECTED: affects memory, learning, and visual skills
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Teratogen: Cocain
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cognitive/social defects
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Cesarean Births
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1/4 Deliveries
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Stages of Childbirth
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1. First
2. Second - Delivery
3. Third - Delivery of Placenta
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Substages of First Phase of Childbirth
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Early: until contractions are regular and cervix begins to dilate
Active: regular contractions, continue dilation
Transition: strong contractions, 8-10 cm dilation
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Newborn 6 stages of arousal
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1: QUIET SLEEP
2: ACTIVE SLEEP
3: crying
4: active awake
5: alert awake
6: drowsing
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REM sleep
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Active sleep associated with dreaming in adults
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Non-REM Sleep
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quiet/dream-free deep sleep
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REM Sleep in infants vs. preschool
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50% vs. 20%
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Crying in Early Infancy
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Discomfort
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Crying in Later Infancy
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Communication
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US on infant mortality
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20th highest
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DevelopmentalResilience
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Successful development in the face of multiple and seemingly overwhelming developmental hazards
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Polygenic Inheritance
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When traits are governed by more than one gene
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Recessive Gene Disorders
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PKU, sickle-cell anemia, Tay-sachs, cystic fibrosis
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Single Dominant Gene Disorders
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Huntington's Disease, neurofibromatosis
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Polygenic Inheritance Disorders
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cancer, heart disease, asthma, psychiatric disorders, behavior disorders
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