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PSYC 324: TEST 3
Attachment
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An emotional bond with a specific person that is enduring across space and time
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Disproved that feeding was the main component
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What did Harry Harlow do in terms of attachment?
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Contact Comfort
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What was Harry Harlow's reasoning for forming attachments?
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Secure Base
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1. provides an infant or toddler with a sense of security
2. allows the child to explore the environment
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Strange Situation – key things we are looking for
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1. Secure base
2. Reunion episodes
3. Stranger anxiety
4. Separation response
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3 Attachment Styles
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o Secure
o Insecure-Resistant
o Insecure-Avoidant
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Secure Attachment
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When an infant has a high-quality, relatively unambivalent relationship with their attachment figure
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Insecure/resistant (or ambivalent) attachment
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A pattern in which infants or young children (about 15%) are clingy and stay close to their caregiver rather than explore the environment
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Insecure/avoidant attachment
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3.infants or young children (about 20%) seem somewhat indifferent toward their caregiver and may even avoid the caregiver
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Parental Sensitivity
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What leads to having a secure attachment?
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Secure Attachment
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What attachment style produces individuals with better peer and romantic relationships?
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Survival |
What is the MOST fundamental piece of family function?
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Socialization
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lThe process through which children acquire the values, standards, skills, knowledge, and behaviors that are regarded as appropriate to their present and future roles in their particular culture
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1. Direct (tell them)
2. Indirect (watch and learn)
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2 Main Routes of Socialization
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1. Parental Control
2. Parental Warmth
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What are the two components when categorizing Parenting Styles?
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Authoritative
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Parenting Style: High in BOTH control & warmth. Leads to good outcomes
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Authoritarian |
Parenting style: High in control, low in warmth. Leads to unhappy, unfriendly children with lacked social competence
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Permissive
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Parenting Style: High in warmth, Low in control. Leads to kids acting out
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Disengaged
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Parenting Style: Low in both warmth & control. Leads to antisocial and delinquent behavior
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No
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Do most children that experience divorce end up with long-lasting negative outcomes?
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Conflict
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Variable that most significantly effects parenting styles and children's outcomes
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Higher
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Do higher or lower socioeconomic statuses correlate with a better parenting style?
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The Mother
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Who participates more in the care taking of children?
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The Father
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Who participates more in rough and tumble play with children?
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Resilience
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Doing well despite risks
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1. Temperamental characteristics
2. Coping Pattern (asking for help)
3. Communication/Problem solving
4. Hobby or Interest
5. Interests not narrowly sex-typed
6. Intelligence/Social Competence
7. Internal Locus of Control
8. Positive Self-Concept
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Individual Protective Factors of Resilience
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1. Close Bond with One Person
2. Parenting Style/Home Structure
3. Religious Beliefs
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Family Protective Factors of Resilience
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1. Rely on Peers and Elders for Support
2. Opportunities at major life transitions
3. Relationship to genotype-environment correlation theory
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Community Protective Factors of Resilience
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Socio-Metric Status
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Measurement to the degree of which children are liked or disliked by their peers in a group
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1. Nominal Order of students in class
2. Rate each child individually
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2 ways students can inform of others socio metric status
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1. Positive Peer Nominations
2. Negative Peer Nominations
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2 factors In Socio-Metric Status
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Popular Children
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Socio-Metric Status: Many positive nominations, few negative nominations.
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Controversial Children
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Socio-Metric Status: Many positive nominations and many negative nominations
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Rejected Children
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Socio-Metric Status: Many negative nominations and few positive nominations
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Neglected Children
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Socio-Metric Status: Few positive nominations and few negative nominations
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1. Aggressive-Rejected
2. Withdrawn-Rejected
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2 Types of Rejected Children
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Rejected
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Which peer status classification is hardest to change?
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Through intervention, trying to increase social skills, and modeling, encouraging, and coaching
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How can we try and foster kids' social acceptance?
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Both internalizing (depression) and externalizing (acting out) problems
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If one is rejected in elementary school, later in life he/she will have..
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Yes
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Is peer status a significant indicator of problems later in life?
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Yes
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Could being victimized MAKE a rejected individual act violent?
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1. Secure attachments
2. Parental Beliefs - if they believe they should teach, those kids are more socially skilled
3. Gatekeeper/modeling/roleplaying...observing play dates
4. Economic Stress (more likely to be rejected)
5. Socioeconomic status associated with peer status
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The ways parents influence peer relationships are:
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Moral Development
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It's not what you do, it's why you do it
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1. Morality of Constraint
2. TRANSITION
3. Autonomous Morality
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Piaget's Stages of Moral Reasoning
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1. Rules are unchangeable
2. What determines if something is good or bad is the CONSEQUENCE (John broke 15 cups so he is more naughty)
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Morality of Constraint
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1. Rules can be changed if everyone agrees.
2. What determines what is right or wrong is the INTENT (John broke more cups, but he didn't know they were there. Therefore, Henry is more naughty because he was being sneaky)
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Main components of Autonomous Morality
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1. Pre-conventional
2. Conventional
3. Post-conventional
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Kohlberg's stages of Moral Reasoning
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Reasoning is self-centered. Intent to gain reward and avoid punishment
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Pre-conventional stage of moral reasoning
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Moral Reasoning is focused on social relationships
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Conventional Stage of Moral Reasoning
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Moral reasoning is involved with ideals, focusing on moral principles
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Post-Conventional stage of Moral Development
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Men and women have different values when it comes to decision making. Men: justice and rights; Women: caring, values, responsibility
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Carol Gilligan's Critique of Kohlberg's theory
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1. Voluntary
2. Intended to benefit someone else
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Prosocial Behavior must be
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6. Universal Ethical Principles
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What stage of Kohlberg's Theory do fewest people portray?
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Moral Judgments
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Decisions that pertain to issues of right and wrong, fairness, and justice
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Social/Conventional Judgments
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Decisions that pertain to customs or regulations intended to secure social coordination and social organization
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Personal Judgments
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Decisions that refer to actions in which individual preferences are the main consideration
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Controversial |
What socio-metric Classification is Kyle?
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