37 Cards in this Set
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Ecology’s primary goal:
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is to understand the distribution and abundance of organisms.
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Organismal ecology
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How do individuals interact with each other and their physical environment
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Population ecology:
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How and why does population size change over species and time
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Community ecology:
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How do species interact and what are the consequences
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Ecosystem ecology:
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How do energy and nutrients cycle through the local environment
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What are important abiotic factors?
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Temperature
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Besides availability of sunlight, under what abiotic conditions is photosynthesis the greatest?
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moisture is extremely important for photosynthesis
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Explain why the equator receives the most amount of moisture using a Hadley cell:
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the air that is heated by the strong amount of sunlight along the equator causes it to rise and hold a great deal of moisture, as it continues to rise it cools and is unable to hold the water any longer causing great amounts of water to fall along the equator
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We have seasons because...
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the earth is tilted and as it rotates different regions of the world become closer and further away from the sun.
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Water over a mountain:
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When moist air moves from a body of water to over a mountain the air cools enough to condense water vapor, and it rains, on the other side of the mountain that the rain never made it to, there is little water for precipitation.
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Body of water and temperature
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when the water temp is cooler than the air temp, the water is able to absorb much of the heat from the air creating the air to be cooler by a large body of water on a hot day, in reverse the water releases heat on a cooler day causing the air to be much warmer on a cooler day.
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Biogeography
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The study of how organisms are distributed geographically
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Wallace’s line
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separates species with Asian and Australian affinities
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Population:
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group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area at the same time
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Population ecology:
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- the study of how and why the # of individuals in a population changes over time and space
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Populations increase:
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by births and immigration
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Populations decrease
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by deaths and emigration
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Demography
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The study of factors that determine the size and structure of populations through time
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Life table-
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summarizes the probability that an individual will survive and reproduce in any given time interval over the course of its lifetime
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-Type I
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survivorship throughout life is high-most individuals approach the species’ max life span
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-Type II-
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occurs in species where individuals have about the same prob of dying in each year of life
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-Type III-
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a pattern defined by extremely high death rates for seeds and seedlings but high survival later in life
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Fecundity measured
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by the number of gametes or asexual propagules
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Species cant have high fecundity and survivorship
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bc of fitness trade offs; occur bc every individual has a restricted amount of time and energy at it disposal-meaning that its resources are limited
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Density independent-
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the growth rate does not depend on the number of individuals in the population
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Density-dependent
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population growth rates are regulated by the density of a population
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-Carrying capacity
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is the max number of individuals in a population that can be supported in a particular habitat over a sustained period of time
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What factors limit growth rates and population sizes?
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food, space water, quality, and resting or nesting
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-Metapopulation-
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a population of populations connected by migration
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Community
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all the species that interact in a certain area.
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Consumption-
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when one organism eats or absorbs nutrients from another. The interaction increases the consumer’s fitness but decreases the victim’s fitness (+/-)
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Mutualism-
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occurs when two species interact in a way that confers fitness benefits to both (+/+)
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Commensalism-
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occurs when one species benefits but the other species is unaffected (+/o)
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Niche
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- the range of resources that the species is able to use or the range of condition it can tolerate
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Coevolutionary arms race-
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a repeating cycle of reciprocal adaptations
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Niche differentiation-
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An evolutionary change in resources use, caused by competition over generations
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Character Displacement-
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The evolutionary change that occurs in species’ trait, and that enables species to exploit different resources.
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BIOL 130: Lab Final