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BCOR 012:Exam 3
Competition |
Both species suffer |
Mutualism |
Both species benefit |
Predation |
Benefit at expense of others |
Commensalism |
Benefit one species, does not affect the other |
Symbiosis |
Two species living close together |
Fundamental niche |
It's potential resource niche |
Ghost of competitions past |
Resource partitioning |
Realized niche |
The actual species use of resources, as constrained by interactions with other species |
Character Displacement |
Form of resource partitioning that causes evolutionary changes in character when species coexist |
Diversity |
Measure of the variety of organisms in a community |
Richness |
Number of species in a community |
Species abundance |
Proportion of all individuals in a community of each species |
Trophic Diagram |
Represents who eats who in a community |
Energetic Hypothesis |
10% of organic material at one level is converted to organic material at the next level |
Dynamic Stability Hypothesis |
Instability will be magnified up food web |
Bottom up control |
Number of individuals are controlled from the bottom |
Top down control |
Number of individuals are controlled from the top |
Net Primary Production |
Gross Primary Production - Respiration |
Gross Primary Production |
Amount of energy from light transformed into organic molecules |
Trophic Efficiency |
% of production that moves from one trophic level to the next |
10% Rule |
Cause of fewer individuals at the higher levels |
Nitrites |
Poisonous to plants |
Nitrogen Gas |
80% of air |
Nitrogen fixation |
Either by lightening or by bacteria in root nodules and soil |
Dispersion |
the spacing among individuals within the population boundaries |
Population decrease |
Death and emigration |
Population increase |
Birth and immigration |
Exponential growth |
Growth without limits (dN/dT)=rN |
N |
The population size |
Logistic Growth |
Growth with limited resources |
K |
Carrying Capacity |
Ro |
the lifetime reproductive success measured as the number of daughters produced per Female. |
Ecological Succession |
Disturbed area may be colonized by a variety of species, which are gradually replaced by other species, which in turn replaced by still other species |
Primary Succession |
occurring in an environment in which new substrate devoid of vegetation and usually lacking soil, such as a lava flow or area left from retreated glacier, is deposited. |
Secondary Succession |
Occurs when an existing community has been cleared by some disturbance that leaves the soil intact |
Ecosystem |
The sum of all organisms living in a given area and the abiotic factors which they interact |
Primary Producers |
The trophic level that ultimately supports all others (consists of autotrophs) |
Primary Consumers |
Herbivores, which eat plants and other primary producers |
Secondary Consumers |
Carnivores that eat herbivores |
Tertiary Consumers |
Carnivores that eat other carnivores |
Detritivores |
Consumers that get their energy from detritus (non living organic material) |
Primary Production |
The amount of light energy converted to chemical energy in the form of organic compounds during a given time period |
Limiting nutrient |
Element that must be added for production to increase |
Secondary Production |
The amount of chemical energy in consumers' food that is converted to their own biomass during a given time period |
Production Efficiency |
The % of energy stored in assimilated food that is not used for respiration |
Moisture |
The two main factors controlling primary production in terrestrial ecosystems at regional and global scales are temperature and |
Net Secondary Production |
The energy stored in biomass represented by growth and reproduction |
Wilting |
Occurs when water lost by transpiration is not replaced by absorption from the roots |
Leaves |
Typically function on gathering sunlight and carbon dioxide |
Stems |
Serve as supporting structures for leaves and as conduits for the long-distance transport of water and nutrients |
Roots |
Mine the soil for water and minerals and anchor the plant |
Mycorrhizae |
Mutualistic associations between roots and certain soil fungi that aid in the absorption of minerals and water |
Apoplast |
Everything outside the cells' plasma membrane |
symplast |
The cytosol and connecting plasmodesmata |
Water Potential |
The direction of water movement depends on |
Turgid |
The osmotic uptake of water by plant cells and the resulting internal pressure that build up makes plant cells |
Bulk flow |
The movement of liquid in response to a pressure gradient |
Xylem |
Bulk flow occurs within the tracheids and vessel elements of the |
phloem |
Bulk flow occurs within the sieve-tube elements of the |
Mature leaves |
The main sugar sources |
Sugar sinks |
Growing organs such as roots, stems, and fruits are the main |
turgor Pressure |
Helps maintain stiffness of plant tissues and serves as driving force for cell elongation |
flaccid |
When a cell loses water, it becomes |
Axillary bud |
Structure that can form a lateral shoot, commonly called a branch |
Apical bud |
Composed of developing leaves and a compact series of nodes and internodes |
Apical Dominance |
The inhibition of axillary buds by an apical bud |
Epidermis |
layer of tightly packed cells |
Cuticle |
A waxy coating on the epidermal surface |
Periderm |
In woody plants, protective tissues that replace the epidermis in older regions of the stems and roots |
Stele |
The vascular tissue of a root or stem |
Indeterminate growth |
Constantly growing and at any given time has embryonic, developing, and mature organs |
Determinate growth |
Stop growing after reaching a certain size |
Meristems |
What makes plants capable of indeterminate growth |