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Study Guide: Exam 1
Hindsight Bias |
Seeing events that have already occurred as being more predictable than they were before they took place |
Hindsight Bias |
People believed Reagan would win by a small margin night before election, day after victor said they knew he would win by a landslide; Janoff-Bulman experiment giving identical stories, one ended with rape the other ended normally, asked participants if girl was setting herself up for rape. These are examples of the ______. |
Psychology |
The scientific study of behavior and the mind. |
Scientific |
Psychology is the ____ study of behavior and the mind;
Systematic, objective methods of observation; also known as empirical |
Behavior |
Psychology is the scientific study of ____ and the mind.
Any activity that can be observed, recorded, and measured |
Mind |
Psychology is the study of behavior and the ____.
All conscious and unconscious mental states; must be inferred |
Predict, Control |
The goal of psychology is not just to describe and explain behavior but also to ____ and ____ behavior. |
Wundt |
The father of experimental psychology; conducted the first laboratory; used the methods of structuralism and introspection |
Structuralism |
Identifying the common elements of experience |
Functionalism |
Answering the questions of how and why the mind helps us function in the world; Influenced by Charles Darwin and the theory of evolution; William James used this theory |
William James |
Had amazing ideas and prose and conducted the first lab in the USA |
Gestalt |
Type of psychology that holds that the whole is more than the sum of its parts; ex: Visual, neon signs look like they're moving because our mind fills in the gaps of information |
Psychodynamic |
The theory of how thoughts and feelings affect behavior; studies the push and pull of conscious and unconscious forces; began with Freud's psychoanalysis |
Behaviorism |
Reaction to psychodynamic theory; belief that behaviors can be measured, trained, and changed; behavior is determined via reward and punishment; founded by Skinner |
Humanistic |
Type of psychology that identifies what it means to be human and analyzes the human experience; people have positive values, free will, and creativity and the goal of the human experience is personal growth; founded by Rogers as a reaction to behaviorism and psychodynamic |
Cognitive |
Approach to psychology that analyzes how information is stored and operated on; reaction to behaviorism |
Neuropsychology |
Understanding how the brain works in order to help us understand psychology |
Evolutionary |
Type of psychology that studies natural selection and analyzes how the changes in the frequency of genes in a population occur because those genes give an organism a higher chance of survival |
Steps to Research |
1. Observe phenomena
2. Come up with hypothesis
3. Operationalize variables
4. Choose research method
5. Analyze data
6. Theory |
Kitty Genovese |
This woman was walking home from her job at a bar. Man grabbed her and stabbed her. She called for help and someone in an apartment saw and yelled but went back to sleep. The attacker came back and the same thing happened twice more. She eventually died; her experience called to question why don't people help |
Hypothesis |
A tentative and testable explanation of the relationship between causes and consequences |
Variables |
Measurable conditions that vary |
Independent Variable |
Variable thought to "predict" the other variable |
Dependent Variable |
Any variable whose values are the result of changes in the independent variable. The "predicted" |
Operationalization |
The concrete representation of the variable of interest; ex: you have to classify what is considered 'helping' in the Kitty Genovese case |
Research Methods |
Case study, survey, correlational research, experiment |