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SOC 100: FINAL
What is the difference between sex and gender?
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Sex: biologically based; whether a person is male or female
Gender: the personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female or male
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How do the sexes differ biologically?
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Differ in limited ways --> neither is superior
hormonal
anatomical
genetic
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How do the sexes differ psychologically? |
In adolescents:
Males tested better in mathematics and reading
Females tested better in writing
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How do the sexes differ cross-culturally? |
Mead study: stated that if gender is based on biological differences, then gender should be the same everywhere
Arapesh: both sexes were cooperative and sensitive to others (feminine)
Mundugumor: both sexes were selfish and aggressive (masculine)
Tchambuli: similar to U.S. with gender roles but they were switched (i.e. men were feminine and vice versa)
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Define sexism. |
The belief that one sex is innately superior to the other
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What are the 3 areas of sexism? What evidence supports this? |
Power: the ability to mobilize collective resources, to accomplish things, to overcome oppression, to dominate others
Jobs/Income: women earn $0.78 for every $1.00 earned by men
Image: how men and women are portrayed - psychological/behavioral attributes
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Who does the housework? |
Women consistently do the majority of housework
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Functionalist Approach to Gender
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"traditional"
survival of the family and society
the most basic division of labor is biological
gender gives men and women distinct roles
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Conflict Approach to Gender
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the gendered division of labor within families and the workplace results from the male control and dominance
gender limits people's personal development
divides society
emphasizes differences (critique)
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Feminist Approach to Gender
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Liberal: equality is equated with equality of opportunity
Radical: root of oppression is patriarchy, therefore, the system must be restructured
Socialist: women's oppression results from their dual roles as paid and unpaid workers in a capitalist economy
Multicultural: women of color experience a different world than other people because of their multi-layered oppression
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Relative vs. Absolute Poverty
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relative: the deprivation of some people in relation to those with more
absolute: a deprivation of resources that is life-threatening or inability to afford minimum standards of food, clothing, shelter, and health
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Who are the rich and poor countries? |
Rich:
U.S.
Canada
Europe (most)
Australia
Poor:
3rd World Countries (in general)
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What has happened to the gap between the rich and poor countries over the past 100 years? |
Gap has drastically changed; the people with the highest income have 5 times the wealth compared to 100 years ago
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Starvation |
15 million per year or about 1 every two seconds
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Correlates of 3rd World Poverty (hint: there are 6)
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inadequate technology
population growth
traditional culture patterns
social stratification
gender inequality
global power relationships
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Modernization (Functionalist) Approach to Poverty
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technological and cultural differences
whole world was poor until some countries developed industrial technology
traditional culture problems
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Dependency (Conflict) Approach to Poverty
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historical exploitation
colonialism moved wealth from some countries to others
global power relationships
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What is the role of the rich according to both theories?
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Modernization: part of the solution; contribute new technology, advanced schooling, and foreign aid
Dependency: part of the problem; making poor countries economically dependent and in debt
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What are the definitions/characteristics of minorities and majorities? |
Minority: any category of people distinguished by physical or cultural difference that a society sets apart and subordinates
distinctive identity (which may be based on physical or cultural traits)
subordination (i.e. lower income, lower occupational prestige)
Majority: the part of the population that has the power (?)
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What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination? Should we discriminate? |
Prejudice: a rigid and unfair generalization about an entire category of people (often takes the form of a stereotype); attitude
Discrimination: unequal treatment of various categories of people; action
Should we discriminate? Depends on the situation. Example:
Yes: affirmative actionNo: racism
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Forms of majority/minority relationships
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pluralism
assimilation
melting pot
segregation
genocide/deportation
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What is pluralism? |
A state in which people of all races and ethnicities are distinct but have equal social standing
A+B+C=A+B+C
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What is assimilation? |
the process by which minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant culture
A+B+C=A
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What is a melting pot? |
different nationalities blend together
A+B+C=D
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What is segregation? |
the physical and social separation of categories of people
A+B+C=A|B|C
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What is genocide? |
the systematic killing of one category of people by another
A+B+C=A (B and C are gone)
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What is Institutional Discrimination? |
Unintended discrimination;it’s built into the normal operation of society
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Types of Discrimination
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Individual
Institutional
Microaggression
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What is microaggression? |
usually unintended verbal, behavioral, or environmental indignities that communicate hostile, derogatory, or negative slights and insults toward people
i.e. think "What Kind of Asian are You?" video
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Functionalist View on Aging |
Disengagement theory: the idea that society enhances its orderly operation by disengaging people from positions as they reach old age
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Symbolic Interactionist View on Aging |
Activity theory: the idea that a high level of activity enhances personal satisfaction in old age
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Conflict View on Aging
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Aging is problematic in contemporary capitalistic societies
as people grow older, their power tends to diminish unless they are able to maintain wealth
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What are some of the myths of aging?
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The elderly are always sick; most are in nursing homes. (Only 6 percent are confined to a nursing home)
The elderly are dangerous drivers and have a lot of wrecks. (The majority of accidents are caused by younger people)
The elderly are inefficient employees. (Lower job turnover and higher satisfaction compared to their younger counterparts)
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Define institution. |
major spheres of social life or societal subsystems organized to meet human needs
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Functionalist Approach to Education
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teach the culture
important in the operation of society --> socialization of the young and encouraging discovery and invention to improve our lives
helps unite a diverse society by teaching shared norms and values
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Functionalist Approach to Medicine/Health
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illness is dysfunctional for society because it prevents people from carrying out their daily activities (sick role)
physician's role: evaluate claims of sickness and help restore to normal routines
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Conflict Approach to Education
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teach the culture plus critical thinking
schooling maintains social inequality through unequal schooling for rich and poor
tracking provides privileged children with a better education than poor children
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Conflict Approach to Medicine/Health
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health is linked to social inequality, with the rich having more access to care
capitalist medical care places the drive for profits over the needs of people
scientific medicine downplays the social causes of illness, including poverty, racism, and sexism
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What is hidden curriculum? |
Teaching upper/middle classes responsibility and decision making and teaching lower classes to obey
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What is medicine/health's relation to culture and society?
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cultural patterns define health
cultural standards of health change over time
society's technology affects people's health
social inequality affects people's health
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Traditional Views on Health and Medicine |
Health: the absence of disease; not sick
Medicine: a social institution that identifies and cures illness
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Modern Views on Health and Medicine |
Health: a state of physical, mental, and social well-being
Medicine: a social institution that identifies and cures illness and promotes health
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How have the causes of death changed in typical industrial societies in the past 100 years? |
Causes of death:
in the past due to illnesses and diseases that could not be controlled based upon lifestyle (ex: flu, tuberculosis)
in the present due to illnesses and diseases that are an effect of lifestyle (ex: heart disease and cancers, such as lung)
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What are the tenets of Holistic medicine?
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you are responsible for thte state of your own health
health is a state of physical, mental, and social well-being, not simply the absence of disease
mind and body are an interdependent unit; disease results when stress disrupts the balance of this unit
most disease is at least partly a result of lifestyle, within own control
illness provides an opportunity to learn about yourself
a physician is only a guide, not a miracle worker; up to you
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Who pays for medical care in capitalistic countries? |
Individuals
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Who pays for medical care in socialistic societies? |
Government (from taxes)
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How is health/medicine in the U.S. compared to other post-industrial countries? |
Highest cost of healthcare but not high on the list of "efficient" countries
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Symbolic Interactionist Approach to Health/Medicine
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societies define "health" and "illness" differently based on their living standards
how people define their own health affects how they actually feel (psychosomatic conditions)
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