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MIP 300: EXAM 2
MIP 300: EXAM 2 |
bind to ribosomes, stop translation. stop cell wall synthesis, disrupt membranes, stop nucleic acid synthesis, inhibit metabolic pathways
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efflux pumps
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re. antibiotic resistance, common in e.coli pseudomonass and staphlococcus aureus
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penicillinase
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an enzyme produced by some bacteria which breaks down penicillin, chews up the beta lactam ring of penicillin
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Target modification
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re bacterial resistance, changes to the rna sequences in the ribosomes or alterations to the tetrapeptide aa's in ppg which in turn causes antibiotics to be unable to bind and destrow.
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Alternative pathway
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re antibiotic resistance, bacteria can use a different metabolic pathway to bypass the one targeted by the drug
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2 ways for bacteria to acquire drug resistance
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spontaneous mutations or horizontal gene transfer.
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How does soap clean?
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micelles which have a hydrophilic head that is in contact with the water and hydrophobic tails which trap oil dirt and microbes
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When to forsure use antibiotics
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rash with a headache, really bad sore throat, red infections on skin with pus, Bladder infections or if your mucous is yellow orange or red
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Staphylococcus aureus
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if a cut or wound is infected causes red streaks that move away from it
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Anti fungals and anti protozoals
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hard to achieve selective toxicity for cells because they are eukaryotic with not many major differences
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Anti virals
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difficult to achieve selective toxicity as well, these obligate intracellular parasites use the host cells function to reproduce. easier for us to target them if they have a protein that they bring into the cell
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quorom sensing
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calls work together when at high density (V. fischeri become bioluminescent)
form biofilms
send chemical signals to other cells
chemical accumulation = high cell density
autoinducer chemical
(homserine lactone for v. fishcheri)
binds to sens in cell , sensor activates transcription
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Symbiosis |
organisms that spend any portion of their life associated with an organism of another species
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3 types of symbiotic relationships
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commensal, mutualistic, parasitism
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Commensal symbiotic relaionship
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1 benefits the other and neither is harmed nor receive benefits. |
Mutualistic symbiotic relationship
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benefits both the microbe and host, examples include lichens, deep sea tube worms, ruminants, termites and green flat worms
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Lichens
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this fungus provides support and shape and protection from the elements, algae or cyanobacteria provide organic material and o2 for fungus via photosynthesis
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Deep Sea H2S vents
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Tube worms have bacteria inside that are chemolithotrophic autotrophic bacteria that eat H2S and fix carbon from CO2 for tube worms, the tube worms provide protection and h2s to bacteria
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Ruminants
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cattle sheep goats etc eat large amounts of food and large numbers of bacteria help break down cellulose where cud is regurgitated rechewed and becomes a liquid that is normally digested
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Termites re. symbiotic relationship
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there are protozoa in the guts of termites that digest wood eaten while the termite provides shelte.
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Mixotricha paradoxa
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a protozoan termite gut symbiont, this protozoan is symbiotic with atleast 7 species of bacteria that function to provide motility, microaerophile so it likes low o2 and creates a low o2 environment
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Green flat worms re symbiotic relationship
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worms can provide a safe living space for algae which fix co2 into organic materials that the worm eats, as worm becomes colonized with algae the mouth closes and disappears.
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parasitsm
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A relationship in which one organism lives on or inside another and harms it. the least common form of symbiosis, examples include shingles or corn smut
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Sea slugs parasitism
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there are slugs that ingest algae and take chloroplasts and keep the chloroplasts alive to perform photosynthesis and some sea slugs start producing their own chloroplasts
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Normal flora
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the organisms that routinely reside on the body's surface, normal flora can colonize a host, but the word infection is for when bacteria cause disease
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Where is normal flora found?
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Where is normal flora found?
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mucociliary escalator
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cilia lining the resperatory tract that catch mucus and move it toward pharynx to be swallowed or eliminated
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What is normal flora good for?
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competes with pathogens for attachment, produces antimicrobial substances, stimulates the immune system
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Normal gut flora
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gut bacteria is constantly in flux based on what you eat. your flora most closely resembles your housemates.
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Clostridium difficile
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an infection post antibiotics where they use fecal transplants to help
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