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SOC 2010: EXAM 1
The Sociological Imagination |
Way of seeing the world in a broader context. |
Social Location |
The intersection of history and biography - how your background and personal experiences shape your views. |
Biography |
Gender, age, social class, etc |
Trouble |
One person's problem |
Issue |
Society as a whole's problem |
Origin of Sociology |
Mid-1800's in Europe |
Rise of Sociology |
Influenced by the Industrial Revolution and the rise of democracy. |
Auguste Comte |
Father of sociology |
Herbert Spencer |
Was a social darwinist |
Karl Marx |
Studied class conflict theory |
Emile Durkheim |
Studied suicide and social integration |
Max Weber |
Thought religion was the driving force in social change |
Jane Addams |
Created the Hull House |
W.E.B. DuBois |
Created the NAACP |
C. Wright Mills |
Created the power elite |
Symbolic Interactionists (Micro) |
Study small-scale interaction, view symbols as the basis of social life, seek to understand meanings |
Structural Functionalists (Macro) |
Treat society as a whole unit made up of interrelated parts that work together to fulfill society's needs, look at both structure and function |
Conflict Theorists (Macro) |
Seek to understand how groups compete for scarce resources, examine conflict in all relationships of power and authority |
Types of Sociological Research |
Surveys, participant observation/fieldwork, secondary analysis, documents/content analysis, experiments, unobtrusive measures |
Culture |
A learned and shared way of believing and doing that is passed down from one generation to the next |
Material Culture |
Aspects of culture that we can see/touch |
Nonmaterial Culture |
Aspects of culture that we can't see/touch |
Ethnocentrism |
Judging another culture's value by the standards of one's own |
Cultural Relativism |
The belief that all values and views of a culture are relative to that culture |
Culture Shock |
Occurs when one is placed into a different culture with different customs than they are used to |
Sanction |
Positive or negative reaction to other's behavior |
Values |
Ideas about what is desirable in life |
Norms |
Behavioral expectations that develop out of a group's values |
Folkways |
Slightly not allowed |
Mores |
Very not allowed |
Taboo |
So not allowed that it doesn't fit in the realm of what is acceptable in society |
Subcultures |
Compatible with a dominant culture, usually within a dominant culture |
Countercultures |
Against a dominant culture, usually within a dominant culture |
Socialization |
The process by which we learn the way of our society |
Charles H. Cooley |
Thought human nature was socially created |
The Looking Glass Self |
The process by which our sense of self develops, imagining how we appear to others, interpreting others' reactions to us, and developing a self-concept |
George Herbert Mead |
Theorized that play is critical to the development of self because we learn to take the role of the other |
Paul Ekman |
Thought everyone uses the same facial expressions to show six basic emotions, but the experience of emotions may vary depending upon culture and social location |
Gender Socialization |
Society has different expectations for boys and girls and nudges them in separate directions throughout life |
Agents of Socialization |
People and groups that influence our life orientations |
Resocialization |
The process of learning new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors to match new situations in life |
Social Structure |
The patterned relationships between people that persist over time and create a framework for society |
Social Institutions |
Society's organized and standard ways of meeting its basic needs |
Social Status |
A particular position in society that an individual occupies |
Ascribed Status |
Happens to you, born with it |
Achieved Status |
Earn it, do something to make it happen |
Master Status |
Know it just by looking at you (usually ascribed) |
Stereotypes |
Our assumptions about what people are like based upon what we have observed or heard about them |
Personal Distance |
18"-4' |
Social Distance |
4'-12' |
Public Distance |
12' plus |
Dramaturgy |
Erving Goffman's theory that compares life to a play in order to explain how we present ourselves in everyday life |
Social Construction of Reality |
The theory that examines the ways that we construct reality through our interactions with others
|
The Thomas Theorem |
If people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences |
Groups |
People that have a definite sense of belonging together and that interact with one another regularly |
Primary Groups |
Family, best friends - interact regularly with each other, are close |
Secondary Groups |
Church group, class, fraternity, team, coworkers - interact, get along, shape who we are but not to the same extent |
Reference Groups |
Professionals, rock stars, "cool kids" - group you want to be a part of |
In-Groups and Out-Groups |
Clemson-Carolina - rival groups, can't have one without the other, often competitive or violent |
Social Networks |
Social ties that extend outward from a person |
Group Dynamics |
How individuals and groups reciprocally influence each other |
Instrumental Leader |
Try to keep group on track |
Expressive Leader |
Tries to boost morale and excitement |
Laissez-Faire |
Hands off style of leadership |
Soloman Asch |
Showed peer pressure has a strong effect on group behavior |
Stanley Milgram |
Showed that authority affected group behavior, electrocution experiment |
Rationalization of Society |
The tendency for bureaucracies to increasingly dominate our lives |