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PSYC 3322:Study Guide
Autonomic nervous system
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the division that controls the functioning of the internal organs; means independent
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microexpressions
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brief, sudden emotional expressions; harder to control if you are trying to repress feelings
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sympathetic nervous system
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two chains of neuron clusters just to the left and right of the spinal cord which arouses the body for vigorous action
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parasympathetic nervous system
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neurons whose axons extend from the medulla and lower part of the spinal cord to neuron clusters near the organs. it decreases the heart rate and promotes digestion and emergency functions
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James-Lange Theory
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your interpretation of a stimulus evokes autonomic changes and sometimes muscle actions. your perception of those changes is the feeling aspect of your emotion; proposes that physiological activity precedes the emotional experience
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Pure autonomic failure
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an uncommon condition with unknown cause, the autonomic nervous system stops regulating the organs
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Schachter and SInger's theory of emotions
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the intensity of the physiological state-that is, the degree of the sympathetic nervous system arousal-determines the intensity of the emotion but a cognitive appraisal of the situation identifies the type of emotion
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Duchenne smile
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the full expression including the muscles around the eyes
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Broaden-and-build hypothesis
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a happy mood increases your readiness to explore new ideas and opportunities
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emotional intelligence
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the ability to perceive, imagine, and understand emotions and to use that information in making decisions
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Anxiety
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an increase in the startle reflex
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polygraph
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lie-detector test, which records indications of sympathetic nervous system arousal, such as blood pressure, heart/breathing rate, and electrical conduction of the skin
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Guilty-knowledge test
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a modified version of the polygraph test; asks questions that should be threatening only to someone who knows the facts of a crime that have not been publicized; observes people more carefully
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Frustration-agression hypothesis
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the main cause of anger (and agression) is frustration-an obstacle that stands in the way of doing something or obtaining some expected reinforcer
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rape
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sexual activity without the consent of the partner
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positive psychology
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the study of the features that enrich life, such as happiness, hope, creativity, courage, spirituality, and responsibility
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Subjective well-being
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a self-evaluation of one's life as pleasant, interesting, and satisfying
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disgust
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a reaction to something that would make you feel contaminated if it got into your mouth
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contempt
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a reaction to a violation of communit standards
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embarrassment
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mistakes, being the center of attention, and sticky situations
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health psychology
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addresses how people's behavior influences health
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stress
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nonspecific response of the body to any demand made upon it
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Selye's concept of stress
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broader, includes any experience that changes a person's life
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cortisol
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a hormone that enhances metabolism and increases the supply of sugar and other fuels to the cells
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Type A personality
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highly competitive, insisting on winning always, impatient, always in a hurry, and often hostile
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Type B Personality
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more easygoing, less hurried, less hostile
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Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
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marked by prolonged anxiety and depression
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Problem-focused coping
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people do something to control the situation
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Reappraisal
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reinterpreting a situation to make it seem less threatening
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Emotion-focused coping
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people try to control their emotional reaction
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inoculate
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in stressful situations, you expose yourself to small amounts of the events
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Two-Factor Theory
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Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer proposed yet another theory which suggests our physiology and cognitions create emotions. Emotions have two factors–physical arousal and cognitive label.
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Cannon-Bard Theory
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Walter Cannon and Phillip Bard questioned the James-Lange Theory andproposed that an emotion-triggering stimulus and the body's arousal take place simultaneously (at the same time).
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Trolley Dilemma andFootbridge Dilemma
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problems involving decisions about letting a small number of people die to save a larger number, provide evidence that emotions play a powerful role in deciding the most moral course of action
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case of Phineas Gage and Antonio Damasio
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•case study of “Elliot” provide evidence that feeling distinctly good or bad is crucial to achieve the best outcome in important decisions.
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amygdala
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sends information to the pons and medulla;
•Amygdala decodes emotions, determines possible threat, stores fear memories
•Sets off a series of changes through the body without our decision
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Paul Ekman
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developed a fairly good method based on observation of facial expressions; microexpressions
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Hans Selye
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•defined stress as “the nonspecific response of the body to any demand made upon it.”
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Three stages of stress
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Alarm: time of high arousal of the SNS, in preparation for vigorous activity.
Resistance: if the stressor continues, the body enters a phase of prolonged arousal.
Exhaustion: long-lasting stress depletes body of proteins in the immune system
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Arnold Lazarus
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•devised a different perspective on measuring Stress. According to Lazarus, a stressful situation is one that a person regards as threatening and possibly exceeding his or her resources
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How do the receptive fields of the inferior temporal cortex compare to those of the primary visual cortex?
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They are sensitive to larger, more complicated patterns.
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Currently, the most prevalent theory of pitch perception is:
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a combination of frequency, place, and volley principles, depending on the frequency of the tone.
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Once within the cerebral cortex, the magnocellular pathway continues, with a ventral branch sensitive to:
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movement.
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A strong astigmatism during the first year or so of life can produce effects in the human brain similar to those found in what kinds of experiments on cats?
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restricting visual stimulation to one particular orientation
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The law of specific nerve energies states that:
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every stimulation of the optic nerve is perceived as light.
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Most theorists believe that the first sensory system was:
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chemical
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Most neurons in the inferior temporal cortex that respond to a particular shape will be LEAST likely to respond to a:
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figure-ground reversal.
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Within the cerebral cortex, the pathway in the visual system responsible for color information also seems to be responsible for what other information?
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brightness
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A ____ cell has a strong inhibitory area at one end of its bar-shaped receptive field.
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hypercomplex
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People with massive damage to the primary auditory cortex:
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cannot recognize combinations or sequences of sounds
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Antihistamine drugs tend to ____ itching, and opiates tend to ____ itching.
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reduce, increase
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The scala vestibuli makes up part of the:
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cochlea
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How is olfactory information coded in receptor cells?
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There are hundreds of types of receptor molecules, each responsive to a different chemical.
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Certain painful stimuli activate neurons which release endorphins in the:
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periaqueductal gray area.
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How many kinds of olfactory receptors do we have?
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hundreds
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Chemicals that prevent sodium from crossing the membrane:
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reduce the intensity of salty tastes
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Chemicals that release energy when struck by light are called:
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photopigments.
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Which of the following is TRUE related to peripheral vision?
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It is easier to recognize single objects in the periphery that are not surrounded by other objects.
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A person would have the most difficulty locating the sight and sound of an approaching train with damage to the:
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parietal cortex.
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Cortical neurons in the visual cortex of a kitten or a cat will lose the ability to respond to stimuli in one eye if the eye is sutured shut for:
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the first month of life.
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Each spinal nerve has:
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both a sensory and a motor component.
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In adult humans, the taste buds are:
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concentrated along the outside edge of the tongue.
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Perception of a low tone is to ____ as perception of a high tone is to ____.
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frequency theory; place theory
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At low frequencies, the intensity of the sound is coded by the:
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number of neurons producing action potentials.
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Pitch is a perception related to which aspect of sound?
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Frequency
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Cells in V5 and the medial superior temporal cortex selectively respond to which characteristic of visual stimuli?
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Movement
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1. Cigarette smoking and coffee drinking ____ the risk of Parkinson’s disease, and marijuana ____ the risk.
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1. decrease, increases
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1. Although Parkinson's disease is usually limited to old people, it has occurred in a small number of young people that:
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1. used a designer drug.
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1. The gene for Huntington's disease codes for a protein called:
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1. huntingtin
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1. Immature cells that are capable of developing into a variety of cells are known as:
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1. stem cells.
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1. The immediate cause of Parkinson's disease is the:
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1. gradual, progressive death of neurons in the substantia nigra.
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1. Most Parkinson's patients suffer depression:
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1. as one of the symptoms of the disease.
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1. What is the relationship of genetics to Huntington's disease?
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1. It is caused by a dominant gene on chromosome 4.
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1. Many of the symptoms of Parkinson's disease apparently relate to:
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1. loss of arousal in the cortex.
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1. loss of arousal in the cortex.
1. Which of the following is NOT common in people with Parkinson's disease?
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1. outbursts of emotions
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1. What is the usual age of onset for Huntington's disease?
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1. 30-50 years old
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1. What is a common symptom of Huntington's disease?
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1. twitches, tremors, and writhing that interfere with voluntary movement
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1. A loss of dopamine activity leads to ____ stimulation of the motor cortex and ____ onset of movements.
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1. less; slower
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1. The presymptomatic test for Huntington's disease enables one to predict not only who will get the disease but also:
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1. the approximate age of onset.
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1. L-Dopa, a common treatment for Parkinson's disease, is a drug that:
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1. increases the brain's production of dopamine.
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1. L-dopa is most effective:
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1. in the early to intermediate stages of Parkinson's disease.
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1. In its normal form, part of the gene which controls Huntington's disease repeats its sequence of bases:
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1. between approximately 11-24 times.
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1. Parkinson's disease patients, who usually have trouble walking, can walk surprisingly well when they:
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1. are following a parade.
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1. One thing that many different causes of Parkinson’s disease share in common is that they:
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1. cause damage to the mitochondria.
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1. Transplanting brain tissue into Parkinson's patients would most likely be successful if:
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1. the transplant was accompanied by neurotrophins
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1. What is the effect of MPTP?
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1. It kills the neurons that release dopamine
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1. It is believed that exposure to herbicides and pesticides is:
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1. a contributing factor in some cases of Parkinson's disease.
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1. Which of the following is TRUE of Huntington's disease?
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1. The earlier the onset, the more rapid the deterioration.
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1. Which of the following is NOT true of Huntington's disease?
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1. Which of the following is NOT true of Huntington's disease?
1. It is generally treated with L-dopa.
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1. What is the most common drug in the treatment for Parkinson's disease?
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1. L-dopa
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1. Which of the following can be used as a presymptomatic test for Huntington's disease?
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1. examination of chromosome 4
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1. The reason why a dopamine pill is ineffective for treating Parkinson's disease is that:
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1. dopamine does not cross the blood-brain barrier.
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1. What characteristic of L-dopa makes it an effective treatment for Parkinson's disease?
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1. L-dopa can cross the blood-brain barrier.
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1. Having an identical twin with Parkinson's disease greatly increases the other twin's likelihood of also getting Parkinson's disease if the:
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1. first twin had early-onset Parkinson's diseas
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1. What is one of the main symptoms of Parkinson's disease?
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1. difficulty initiating movements
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1. Parkinson's disease is caused by degeneration of a pathway of neurons that releases which neurotransmitter?
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1. dopamine
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1. In Parkinson's disease, which pathway in the brain degenerates?
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1. substantia nigra to caudate nucleus and putamen
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1. What is especially limited in a patient with Huntington's disease?
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1. What is especially limited in a patient with Huntington's disease?
1. the ability to learn and improve new movements
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1. As an option for treating Parkinson’s patients, transplantation of stem cells appears to be:
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1. modestly effective, as with other treatments.
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1. One effect of an abnormal form of the protein huntingtin on neurons is to:
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1. prevent the release of BDNF
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1. Symptoms of Parkinson's disease emerge only after the number of neurons in the substantia nigra decreases to what level?
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1. less than 20% of the original total
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1. Early symptoms of Huntington's disease usually include:
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1. jerky arm movements and body tremors.
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1. Which parts of the brain deteriorate most strongly in Huntington's disease?
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1. the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus
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1. If Parkinson's disease were caused primarily by exposure to herbicides and pesticides, we should expect to find:
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1. near epidemics in some geographical regions.
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1. Which of the following is a limitation of using L-dopa for Parkinson's disease?
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1. It does not prevent continued loss of dopamine neurons
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1. The psychological disorders that accompany Huntington's disease could be mistaken for which of the following?
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1. schizophrenia
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