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PSYC 1315:Exam 3
Freud's theory
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psychoanalytic theory of personality; hysterical system were over determined... had many causes in the unconscious... eventually Freud used hysterical symptoms as his metaphor for understanding dreams, slips of tongue, and all human behavior- unconscious causes.
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Id
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(structure of personality) (pleasure principle)... the part of the person that Freud called the “it”, consisting of unconscious drives. The individual's reservoir of sexual energy, pool of amoral and often vile urges pressing for expression, no contact with reality.
EX: "Sex! Now!"
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Ego
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(structure of personality) (reality principle, rational)... reasoning, problem solving, and decision making. Deals with the demands of reality, brings pleasure within norms of society, partly conscious, balance of Id and superego.
EX: "I will have sex only in a committed relationship and always practice safe sex."
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superego
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(structure of personality) (moralistic)... harsh internal judgement of our behavior; conscious, evaluates morality of our behavior.
EX: "Sex? Don't even think about it."
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defense mechanisms
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Tactics that ego uses to reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.
Repression
master defense mechanism; ego pushes unacceptable impulses out of awareness, back into the unconscious mind.
EX: a young girl was sexually abused by her uncle. As an adult, she cant remember anything about the traumatic experience.
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Rationalization
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the ego replaces a less acceptable motive with a more acceptable one.
EX: a college student doesn't get into the fraternity of his choice. He tells himself that the fraternity is very exclusive and that many students didn't get in.
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Displacement
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the ego shifts feelings toward an unacceptable object to another, more acceptable object.
EX: a woman can't take her anger out on her boss, so she goes home and take it out on her husband.
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Projection
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the ego attributes more personal shortcomings, problems, and faults to others.
EX: a man has strong desire to have an extramarital affair accuses his wife of flirting with other men.
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Regression
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the ego seeks the security of an earlier developmental period in the face of stress.
EX: a woman returns home to her mother every time her and her husband has an argument.
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Reaction formation
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when the ego transforms an unacceptable motive into its opposite.
EX: A woman who fears her sexual urges becomes a religious zealot....
A kid likes someone but shows that they hate them.
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conscious-unconscious
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the iceberg analogy shows how much of the mind is unconscious in Freud's theory. The conscious mind is the part of the iceberg above water. The unconscious mind is the part below water. The Id is completely underwater and unconscious. The ego and superego can operate on both levels. There's just a little ego and superego above water...mostly underwater.
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Psychosexual stages of Personality Development
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at each developmental stage, we experience sexual pleasure in one part of the body more than others. Each stage is named after the location of the sexual pleasure at that stage.
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oral stage
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(first 18 months) infant's pleasure centers on mouth- chewing, sucking, biting- reduces tension in infants.
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anal stage
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(18 to 36 months) toilet training, child's anus and urethra is child's greatest pleasure. Freud believed that there is a pleasure in "going" and "holding".
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phallic stage
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(3 to 6 years) gender identity, Latin word that means "penis". Child discovers that self-stimulation is possible. Kids will favor their mother more.
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genital stage
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(adolescent and adulthood) sexual reawakening, source of sexual pleasure shifts to someone outside the family.
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traits
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lasting personality characteristics.
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Big five
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Five-factor model of personality. broad straits that are thought to describe the main dimensions of personality.
Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness.
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Neuroticism
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emotional instability. Feeling negative emotions more than positive emotion in daily life.
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Extraversion
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more likely to engage in social activities. Extroverts.
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Openness
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liberal-values, open-mindedness, tolerance, creativity, superior cognitive functioning and IQ.
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Agreeableness
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generosity and altruism (caring for others), sympathetic, cooperative romantic relationships, religious faith.
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Conscientiousness
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related to GPA, efficient, organized, better-quality friendships, higher levels of religious faith, forgiving attitude.
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MMPI
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(Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory)... The most widely used and researched, empirically keyed, self-report personality test and psychopathology (brain disorders). First used to access "abnormal" personality tendencies.
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Projective tests
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A test that gets inside the mind to discover how the test taker really feels and thinks. Goes beyond the way the individual overly presents themselves.
2 types:
-TAT
-Rorschach
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TAT (Thematic Apperception Test)
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A projective test that is designed to elicit stories that reveal something about an individual's personality. Has a series of pictures and patient is asked to tell a story about the picture... projects own unconscious feelings and thoughts into story.
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Rorschach inkblot test
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A projective test that uses an individual's perception of ink blots to determine his or her personality.
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Type A and B personalities
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(A or B)
- cluster of characteristics such as being excessively competitive, hard-driven, impatient, and hostile... related to the incidence of heart disease.
- a cluster of characteristics such as being relaxed and easy going... the healthier group.
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The 16 PF (Personality Factor) Test
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Based on the 16 major source traits, for use with people 16 years of age and older, used to asses personality for research, clinical diagnosis, and predicting occupational success. Goof test, but shouldn't have intelligence in it...doesn't pick up pathology and wasn't supposed to.
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Behavioral medicine
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An interdisciplinary field that focuses on developing and integrating behavioral and biomedical knowledge to promote health and reduce illness; overlaps with health psychology.
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Health psychology
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A subfield of psychology that emphasizes psychology's role in establishing and maintaining health and preventing and treating illness, understanding how psychological, behavioral, and cultural factors are involved in physical health and fitness. In addition to the biological causes that are well understood by medical science.
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Biopsycho-social model
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stress is a focal point; study of stress and behavior. An individual's state of consciousness along with how a person thinks about events can influence experience of stress. Stress can effect emotions and personality, social contexts, relationships, work experiences, etc...
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General Adaption Syndrom
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Selye's term for the common effects of stressful demands on the body, consisting of three stages;
1. alarm
2. resistance
3. exhaustion (severe physical problems)
Homeostasis, fight and flight.
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Stress and Immune system
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Chronic stress can have serious implications for the body; psychoneuroimmunology- explores connections among psychological factors (attitudes and emotions), nervous system, and immune.
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Immune suppression
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Elevated adrenalin and noradrenalin and adrenal medulla and cortisol (Corticosteroids) from adrenal cortex suppress the lymphocyte response of the immune system and increase in stress.
Catecolamines are commonly known as the "fight or flight" hormone, release Adrenalin (causes you to work harder).
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Sympathetic autonomic nervous system
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This system is activated due to the sudden release of hormones. This system stimulates the adrenal glands, triggering the release of catecholamines, which include adrenalin and noradrenalin. Results in an increase of heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate... After threat is gone, it takes between 20 to 60 minutes for the body to return to its pre-arousal levels.
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Human factors
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Also called ergonomics- a field that combines engineering and psychology. Focuses on understanding and enhancing the safety and efficiency in the environment-machine interaction.
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Hawthorn effect
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The tendency of individuals to perform better because of being singled out and made to feel important.
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Human relations approach
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a management approach of emphasizing the psychological characteristics of workers and managers, stressing the importance of factors such as morale, attitudes, values, and humane treatment of workers.
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Job analysis
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The process of generating a description of what a job involves, including the knowledge and skills that are necessary to carry out the job's functions.
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Systematic procedure
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Constituting a system, step-by-step procedures.
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Breakdown job into units
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It must break the job down into small units so that each aspect of the job can be easily understood.
EX: Breaking a job down may lead to the discovery of a skill that previously was not considered important, actually is. A social skill that might not be considered important actually is.
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Construction of employee manual
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The analysis should lead to an employee manual that accurately characterizes the job.
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Performance appraisal
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The evaluation of a person's success at meeting his or her organization's goals.
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Halo effect
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A bias, common in performance ratings, that occurs when a rater gives a person the same rating on all of the items being evaluated, even though the individual varies across the dimensions being assessed.
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Leadership
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Influences others, motivates them, and enables them to succeed.
2 Types: Transactional, Transformational
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Transactional leaders
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Can be trained. An individual in a leadership capacity who emphasizes the exchange relationship between the worker and the leader, who applies the principle that a good job should be rewarded.
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Transformational leaders
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Could be helpful or could ruin everything. An individual in a leadership capacity who is concerned not with enforcing the rules but with changing them.
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Abnormal behavior
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Behavior that is deviant, maladaptive, or personally distressful over a relatively long period of time.
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Deviant
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Typical behavior deviates from what is acceptable in a culture, it is often considered abnormal.
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Maladaptive
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Interferes with a person's ability to function effectively with the world. Behavior that presents a danger to the person or those around him.
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Personal distress
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Behavior that lasts a long period of time. May exist in the context of great success.
EX: A successful business executive who feels profound sadness because of family difficulties.
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Biological approach
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Organic, internal causes; brain, genetic factors, and neurotransmitter functioning as the sources of abnormality.
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Psychological approach
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Emphasizes the contributions of experiences, thoughts, emotions, and personality characteristics, in explaining psychological disorders.
EX: Psychologists focus on influence of childhood experiences or of personality traits in the development and course of psychological disorders.
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Sociocultural approach
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Emphasizes the social contexts in which a person lives, including the individual's gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, family relationships, and culture.
EX: Person from low-income, minority neighborhoods have the highest rates of psychological disorders.
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DSM-V
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The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; the major classification of psychological disorders in the U.S. taking out Asperger's disease as a separate and adding into autism.
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Anxiety disorders
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Psychological disorders involving fears that are uncontrollable, disproportionate to the actual danger the person might be in, and disruptive of ordinary life. Jittery and apprehensive.
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Generalized anxiety disorder
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Psychological disorder marked by persistent anxiety for at least six months and in which the person is unable to specify the reasons for the anxiety.
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Panic disorder
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Anxiety disorder in which the individual experiences recurrent, sudden onsets of intense apprehension or terror, often without warning and with no specific cause.
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Phobic disorder
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Anxiety disorder that contributes to suicide; includes mental disorders and traumas such as sexual abuse. Due to immediate and highly stressful circumstances- such as the loss of a family or job.
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Obsessive-compulsive disorder
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Anxiety disorder in which individual has anxiety-provoking thoughts that will not go away and/or urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors to prevent or produce some future situation.
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Post-traumatic stress disorder
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Anxiety disorder that develops through exposure to a traumatic event that has overwhelmed the person's ability to cope. Flashbacks in which individual relives event, avoidance of emotional experiences, reduced ability to feel emotions, difficulties with memory.
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Depressive disorders
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mood disorders in which the individual suffers form depression- an unrelenting lack of pleasure.
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Major depressive disorder
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Psychological disorder involving a significant depressive episode and depressed characteristics, such as lethargy and hopelessness, for at least 2 weeks, impairs daily functioning.
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Bipolar disorder
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Mood disorder characterized by extreme mood swings that include one or more episodes of mania; an overexcited or unrealistically optimistic state.
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Dissociative disorders
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Psychological disorders that involve a sudden loss in memory or change in identity due to the dissociation (person feels disconnected from immediate experience) of the individual's conscious awareness from previous memories and thoughts.
These people have problems putting together different aspects of consciousness, so that experiences at different levels might be felt as if they are happening to someone else.
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Amnesia
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Extreme memory loss that is caused by extensive psychological stress. Own identity and auto experiences are forgotten.
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DID (Dissosiative identity disorder)
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Used to be called "multiple personality disorder"; most dramatic; least common; individuals have its own memories, behaviors, and relationships.
One identity dominates at one time, another takes over at another time. Shift occurs under distress but can sometimes be controlled by the person.
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Schizophrenia
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Severe psychological disorder characterized by highly disordered thought process; referred to as psychotic because they are so far removed from reality..... People with this disorder see things that are not there, hear things inside their head, live in a strange world of twisted logic, socially withdrawn and isolated.
Causes: Brain abnormalities, Heredity, Neurotransmitter problems.
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Positive symptoms
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Symptoms of Schizophrenia. Marked by a distortion or an excess of normal function. Reflect something added above and beyond normal behavior; hallucinations, delusions.
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Negative symptoms
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Symptoms of Schizophrenia. Reflect social withdrawal, behavioral deficits, and the loss or decrease of normal functions; flat affect- can read others' emotions.
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Cognitive symptoms
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Symptoms of Schizophrenia. Difficulty sustaining attention, problem holding information in memory, and inability to interpret information and make decisions. Subtle and often detected through tests.
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Brain abnormalities
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A cause of Schizophrenia. Enlarged ventricles with fluid-filled spaces, enlargement indicates deterioration of other brain tissue. Small prefrontal cortex (thinking, planning, decision making) and lower activity in this area of the brain might be prenatal.
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Heredity
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A cause of Schizophrenia. As genetic similarity to a person with Schizophrenia increases, so does a person's risk of developing it. Still trying to find the genetic factors that play a role in susceptibility to schizophrenia.
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Neurotransmitter problems
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A cause of Schizophrenia. Excess dopamine (feel good), first noticed when drug L-dopa (increases dopamine levels) was given to individuals as a treatment for Parkinson's- gave people disturbed thoughts.
Over activation of pathways in brain associated with dopamine plays a role. Dopamine in Schizophrenic people= make things big deal; try to make sense of own feelings.
Treatment= lithium- stabilizes the levels of neurotransmitter glutamine within a narrow range- during mania, glutamine is high, depression low.
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Anti-anxiety drugs
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Drugs that reduce anxiety by making the individual calmer and less excitable. Commonly known as tranquilizers.
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Benzodiazepines
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Anti-anxiety drugs that generally offer the greatest relief for anxiety symptoms, potentially addictive, blind to receptor sites of neurotransmitters that become overactive during anxiety; Xanax, Valium, Librium.
Side effects: drowsiness, loss of coordination, fatigue, mental slowing.
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Anti-depressants
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Drugs that regulate mood.
Ex: SSRI, MAO inhibitors, Tricyclics.
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SSRI
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Anti-depressant. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors- targets serotonin, and work mainly by interfering only with the re-absorption of serotonin in the brain.
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MAO inhibitors
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Anti-depressant. Thought to work because they block the enzyme monoamine oxidase. This enzyme breaks down the neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain. The blocking action of theses inhibitors allow the neurotransmitters to stick around in the brain's synapse and help regulate mood.
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Tricyclics
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Anti-depressant. Three-ringed molecular structure, work by increasing the level of certain neurotransmitters, especially norenpinphirne and serotonin. Low serotonin levels of in negative mood and aggression. The reduce the symptoms of depression in 60-70% of cases; takes 2-4 weeks to improve mood. Restlessness, faintness, trembling, sleepiness, memory difficulties.
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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
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Treatment for depression. Shock therapy; set off a seizure in the brain.
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Anti-psychotics
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Powerful drugs that diminish agitated behavior, reduce tension, decrease hallucinations, improve social behavior, and produce better sleep patterns.
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Neuroleptics
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An anti-psychotic. Most widely used; blocks dopamine system action's in brain. They don't cure schizophrenia but only treats symptoms.
Side effects: disorder dyskinesia, involuntary movements, twitching.
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Psychosurgery
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A biological therapy, with irreversible effects, that involves removal or destruction of brain tissue to improve the individual's adjustment.
Instrument is inserted into brain and rotates, severing fibers that connect the frontal lobe (which is important in higher thought process) and the thalamus (which plays a key role in emotion).
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Prefrontal lobotomy
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Walter Freeman came up with the name; performed first lobotomy in the US in 1936, over 3000, same ice pick technique.
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Psychotherapy
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A nonmedical process that helps individuals with psychological disorders recognize and overcome their problems. Could be given alone or with doctors. Combination of this type of therapy and medication is good.
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Psychoanalysis
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Freud's therapeutic technique for analyzing an individual's unconscious thoughts. Person's current problems could be traced to childhood experiences, unconscious sexual conflicts.
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Free association
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Encouraging individuals to say aloud whatever comes to mind, now matter how trivial or embarrassing.
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Transference
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Person's relating to the analyst in ways that reproduce or relieve important relationships in the individual's life; husband or parent, helps to relate to important people.
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Dream analysis
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Interpreting a person's dreams; contains information about unconscious thoughts, wishes, conflicts.
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Client-centered therapy
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Also called Rogerian therapy or nondirective therapy, a form of humanistic therapy in which the therapist provides a warm, supportive atmosphere to improve the client's self-concept and to encourage the client to gain insight into problems.
Includes: Empathy, unconditional positive regard, and reflective speech.
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Reflective speech
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A technique in which the therapist mirrors the client's own feelings back to the client.
EX: A woman is describing her grief over loss of husband in drunk-driving accident. Therapist would, "You sound angry".
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Behavior therapies
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Therapies that don't care about past or how things happened, just focus on how to change the problem... Eliminating the problematic symptoms or behaviors rather than on helping individuals gain an understanding of why they are depressed.
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Systematic desensitization
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Used for phobias. Method of behavior therapy that treats anxiety by teaching the client to associate deep relaxation with increasingly intense anxiety-producing situations.
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Anxiety or desensitization heirchary
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Person begins with least feared situation (a month before exam) and moves through each the circumstances until reached most feared situation; person replaces fear with deep relaxation.
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Cognitive therapies
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Treatments that point to cognitions (thoughts) as the main sources of psychological problems and that attempt to change the individual's feelings and behaviors by changing conditions.
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Evaluation of psychotherapies
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Does work and works well. More than 70% of individuals saw a therapies improved, whereas less 40% of people that got a placebo and less than 20% of people with no treatment improved.
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