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PSYC 1315:Psychology Review
observation |
The process of gathering information about events or processes in a careful, orderly way. |
hypothesis |
an educated guess. a testable prediction, often implied by a theory |
theory |
a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world |
drawing conclusions |
Means making a statement summing up what you have learned from an experiment. Related to the hypothesis telling whether it is to be true or false. Must be able to be duplicated by other scientists using different methods, for it to be considered reliable. |
evaluation |
the act of judging the value or worth of; the result of evaluating; a judgment or appraisal |
meta-analysis |
provides a way of statistically combining the results of individual research studies to reach an overall conclusion |
scientific method |
a series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions |
variable |
something that is likely to vary |
population |
the entire group about which the investigator wants to draw conclusions |
random sample |
a sample in which every element in the population has an equal chance of being selected |
research setting |
the context in which research is conducted, either a laboratory setting or a field setting |
laboratory |
a workplace for the conduct of scientific research |
naturalistic observation |
observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation |
descriptive research |
methods designed to observe and describe behavior |
methods designed to observe and describe behavior |
an in-depth look at a single individual |
correlational research |
the study of the naturally occurring relationships among variables |
correlational coefficient |
A number between -1 and +1 expressing the degree of relationship between two variables |
positive and negative correlations |
fall between scale of -1 and +1 |
correlation and causation |
Correlation indicates the possibility of a cause-effect relationship but it does not prove causation |
third variable problem |
the times when some other variable that has not been measured accounts for the relationship between two others |
experiments |
a research method in which the investigator manipulates one ormore factors to observe their effect on some behavior or mental proce while controlling other relevent factors by random assingment of subjects |
random assignment |
assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups |
independent variable |
the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied |
dependent variable |
the outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable |
experimental group |
A subject or group of subjects in an experiment that is exposed to the factor or condition being tested. |
control group |
the group that does not receive the experimental treatment. |
experimenter bias |
expectations by the experimenter that might influence the results of an experiment or its interpretation |
placebo effect |
experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which is assumed to be an active agent |
participant bias |
a tendency for research participants to respond in a certain way because they know they are being observed or they believe they know what the researcher wants |
double-blind experiments |
experiments in which neither the participants nor the people analyzing the results know who is in the control group |
descriptive statistics |
statistical procedures used to describe characteristics and responses of groups of subjects |
mean |
a measure of central tendency that is the average for a sample |
median |
a measure of central tendency that is the middle score in the sample |
mode |
A measure of central tendency that is the most common score in a sample |
standard deviation- variability |
a measure of variability that describes an average distance of every score from the mean |
inferential statistics |
mathematical methods that are used to indicate whether results for a sample are likely to generalize to a population |
statistical significance |
a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance |
a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance |
1.informed consent
2.confidentiality
3.debriefing
4.deception |
informed consent |
consent by a patient to undergo a medical or surgical treatment or to participate in an experiment after the patient understands the risks involved |
confidentiality |
the act of holding information in confidence, not to be released to unauthorized individuals |
debriefing |
giving participants in a research study a complete explanation of the study after the study is completed |
giving participants in a research study a complete explanation of the study after the study is completed |
in research, an effect by which participants are misinformed or misled about the study's methods and purposes |