Study Guide: Final Exam
34 Cards in this Set
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What is the ABC triad?
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-People's feelings, behaviors, thoughts.
-Affect (how people feel inside), Behavior (what people do), Cognition (what people think.)
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What is meant by emphasis on the situation rather than individual factors
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-We like to use the self serving bias in order to blame something on the situation rather having the blame be on something personal about us.
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Explain strength and limitations of experiment and correlational studies
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-Strength of experiment: A well designed experiment can show causality.
-Limits of experiment:
-Limits of correlational studies:Does not prove causation. Can't conclude that changes in one variable caused the changes in the other variable.
-Strength of correlational studies:
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What's the difference between Individualism v. collectivism
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-Individualism and individualistic cultures are primarily in Western cultures.
-Focus more on individual needs and preferences.
-In collectivism and collectivist cultures individuals make decisions and etc based on what is beneficial to their kin or family.
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Explain how being cultural and social is adaptive
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-Being cultural and social is adaptive because we go by normative social influence.
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Explain automatic vs. controlled thinking
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-Automatic:Fast. Unitentional.Outside the conscious mind. Performs easy tasks. Stereotypes.
-Consious: Slow. Controllable. Performs complex tasks.
-Both make up the duplex mind.
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Explain self concept (thinking)
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-(Self-Knowledge): Self-Awareness. Set of beliefs about oneself. (What you want to be doing in 5 years, check your hair, etc.)
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Explain self esteem (feelings)
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-Falls under Self-Concept/Self-Knowledge because you think about the feelings you are experiencing which can lead to either low or high Self-Esteem.
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Explain self presentation (behavior)
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-Falls under Public Self. Helps connect the self to others.
-This is the image you try to portray to others.
-Different from Self-Concept because often you try to portray something that is not completely the truth.
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Fully explain what schemas are (sets of information)
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-Schemas are everything you that comes to mind when you think of something.
-Ex: When you think of camping. You think fire, marshmellows, tents, tucannon, hotdogs.
-Your schema can come from your own experiences or from what you have heard.
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Attributions (why we think an outcome happened)
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-Why we think something happened.
-Helps us understand, predict, control our world.
-FAE: We ignore the importance of the situation ofr others behavior. The less we know the person, the more we will FAE.
UAE: We use the FAE for a whole group of people.
-Ex: 2 students get bad grades o…
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Being a cognitive miser is faster and frees up resources, but has potential for error (there’s only so much working memory, so we use mental shortcuts that may be (and often are) good enough)
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-Describes people's reluctance to do much extra thinking.
-Isn't a matter of laziness.
-People's capacity to think, although greater than that of most animals, is limited, and so people must conserve their thinking.
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Emotion tied to physical arousal and interpretation of the situation
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-Excitation transfer: Mislabeling and relabeling arousal.
-Psychological fear has been transferred ti sexual arousal.
-We think we know when were turned on. (Diff for men and women.)
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Managing anger (research supports stepping back and reframing, and reducing arousal over catharsis)
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-Catharsis theory: Expressing negative emotions produces a healthy release of those emotions and is therefore good for the psyche.
-However, it feels good but keeps you revved up.
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Norms for expression of emotion differ, but the experience of emotion appears not to confirm stereotypes regarding gender or ethnicity
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- Women are more willing to report emotions.
- Asian Americans emphasize moderation more than European Americans.
-Cultural difference in amount of concealment of emotion
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Explain Implicit vs. explicit attitudes and how each is studied
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-Implicit Attitudes: Attitudes we don't share with others. Outside of awareness. Might be aware of it but can't control it. Automatic evaluative response. Sometimes hidden from public, often not aware-may deny. Studied by Implicit Association Test.
-Explicit Attitude: Conscious, directly…
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Explain consistency (or not) of attitudes and attitudes with behavior, especially cognitive dissonance
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-People experience cognitive dissonance when their attitudes don't match their behaviors.
-People don't like cognitive dissonance so they are likely to change attitude so it matches.
-Ex: Drunk driving. Behavior in past can't change so often change attitude about it so behavior and atti…
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What is reciprocity norm?
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-We feel like we must return the favor or do something nice back when someone has done something for us.
-Elderly don't usually ask for help because they are afraid they won't be able to fulfill the reciprocity norm by returning the favor.
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What is conformity (esp. Asch and Milgram)?
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-Going along with the crowd
-We feel the need to conform so that we are accepted by society and our peers.
-Normative Influence: the pressure to go along with the crowd to be liked/accepted.
-Informational social influence: we follow the crowd because we think they know more than we do.
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What is helping behavior?
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-Men and women have different helping behaviors.
-Men: overall more helpful than women. emergencies, strangers.
-Women: family and close relationships.
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List reasons for aggression
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-Males are typically more aggressive than females.
-This is due to gender stereotypes and males trying to fulfill these gender roles and expectations.
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Explain social learning (esp. Bandura)
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-Attitudes can also be formed through social learning.
-We imitate behaviors we see that get rewarded.
-Operant conditioning.
-Social Learning Theory (Bandura): the shift is from internal causes to external ones. Esp aggression:ppl learn aggressive behaviors the same way they learn oth…
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Explain narcissism
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-Narcissists have extremely high self-esteem.
-Narcissists are also more aggressive because they are highly sensitive to critism.
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Why do we like people who are easy to like?
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-We like those who are easy to like.
-Classical Conditioning:If you both like drinking then you'll like hangin out and drinking together
-Operant conditioning: Hanging out with those who compliment you
-Reciprocity: we like those who are similar to us
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What are the effects of and reasons for social exclusion?
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-We socially exclude those that are not similar to us or belong to an outgroup.
-Repeated rejection can cause aggression
-Aggression can lead to rejection
-Typically less generous, cooperative, helpful.
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What are the types of relationships and attachment styles?
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Passionate relationship: strong feelings of desire, premature love, beginning of relationship/marriage
Companionate relationship: mutual understanding and caring. Old people.
Communal relationship: putting other person first without thinking of getting payed back. Can be seen as offensi…
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What are the gender differences in sexuality and theories regarding those differences?
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-Men appear to have a stronger sex drive than women.
-Men are more likely to seek and enjoy sex without love
-Women are more likely to enjoy love without sex
-3 Theories of Sexuality: Social Constructionist theories, Evolutionary theory, Social Exchange theory
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What are the cognitive factors that contribute to (& reflect) stereotypes and prejudice?
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-We naturally categorize objects/people into groups.
-We use heuristics, schemas.
-Saves time and effort because we are cognitive misers
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What are the strategies for reducing prejudice?
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--Using the contact hypothesis.
-Familiarity increases liking.
-Contact hypothesis must be among people of equal status, in a neutral setting
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What are the techniques of persuasion, some relying on consistency, others on reciprocity?
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-3 components of persuasion: Who (the source of the message.) What (the message says.) To Whom (Audience)
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What is Central vs Peripheral routes of persuasion?
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-Central route:(ELM model) involves conscious proccessing, careful thought and consideration, audience must be willing and able to think
Peripheral Route: (ELM) involves automatic processing, involves pretty pictures/people, for when audience is not motivated/able to think about it.
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Explain the importance of conformity (esp. normative) on peoples’ behavior in groups, influencing how groups make decisions.
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-Deviance from group will create weakness.
-In groups our individuality becomes less therefore we are more likely to do things we otherwise wouldn't.
-Groupthink: group starts to think more of an homygenous answer, norm influence.
-Sometimes a false answer bc members feed off each othe…
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Explain how roles and de-individuation lead to behavior the person normally would not do.
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-Being anonymus to outsiders makes people more willing to violate norms.
-Ex:KKK; groups create de-individuation.
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What are the factors that reduce groupthink, going along with a group?
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-Minority influence: Ex: friends getting a house together, everyone thinks its a good idea, i think its bad i'm the minority. I can have influence if I take very simple one sided point to argument.
-Bad apple effect: one bad apple will start to effect other apples, makes group cohesion w…
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Study Guide: Final Exam