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HIST 1312:Test 2
What was the Coal Strike of 1902?
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Coal miners wanted increased wages and safety on the job
Went on strike
Problem because people use coal for heat
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What does Roosevelt do about the coal strike?
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Takes rich men who own the mines aside and tells them to cooperate of the US army will take over their mines
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Who was elected in 1904 and why?
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Theodore Roosevelt
People liked him
Won by a landslide
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Role of Upton Sinclair in the Progressive Era
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Wrote The Jungle
Shed light on the unsanitary meat packing industry
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What did TR get Congress to do about the meat packing industry?
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Passed
Meat Inspection Act
Pure Food/Drug Act
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What was the Hepburn Act?
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Created for additional regulation of the railroads
If railroads are charging unfairly the govt. has the power to set a maximum rate the company cannot exceed
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What cause did TR make huge in the early 1900s?
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Environmental Conservation
Extinction of wildlife
Forests being torn down
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What did Congress do to help in environmental conservation?
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Passed legislation for TR to help preserve wildlife
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Does TR run for reelection in 1908?
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No
Kept his word to the people
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Who do the Republicans choose to run in the 1908 election? Democrats?
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William Howard Taft
TR's chosen successor
William Jennings Bryan
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What made Taft different than TR?
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Weight
Was not active
Different view of executive power
Poor political instincts
Wife was best advisor
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Would did Taft do for the federal work force?
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Made an 8 hour work day for federal employees
Would set an example to work towards everyone's 8 hour work day
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Why does Taft cause some of the Progressives to split?
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Doesnt measure up to TR's popularity
Did not want to see the tariff bill passed
Ballinger-Pinchot Affair
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What was the Ballinger Pinchot Affair? Significance?
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Accused Ballinger of being corrupt
Taft stood by Ballinger and fired Pinchot
Progressives got pissed off
Believed Taft did Pinchot wrong
CONTRIBUTED TO THE SPLIT OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY
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Roosevelt in the election of 1912..
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Did not want to interfere
Wanted "back in the arena"
Worried that his successor Taft was not progressive enough
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What was the phenomenon of "New Nationalism"?
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Progressivism has to be taken to a new level
Increasing Progressive regulation in trusts and other companies
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Election of 1912 and TR
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Challenges Taft
Still popular and even wins over Taft's home state of Ohio
Republican convention gives Taft the Republican nomination
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What does Roosevelt do in order to run in the Election of 1912?
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Forms Progressive Party AKA Bull Moose Party
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Who is the Democrat candidate in the Election of 1912?
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Woodrow Wilson
Also the winner
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What were some of the keys to Wilson?
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Academic background
Princeton
Understood political process
Would make speeches DIRECTLY to Congress for the 1st time since 1800
Didn't deal well with disagreement
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What was the Federal Trade Commission?
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Regulating businesses and trusts
Cannot lie in advertisements
No monopolies
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What was the Federal Reserve Act?
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Banks did not have enough regulation
Wanted to reform banking
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What did Wilson do about child labor?
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Made companies unable to sell products made by children across state lines
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What were some of Wilson's ideas on foreign policy?
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Emphasized domestic issues before
Had little experience for policy experience
He is an INTERNATIONALIST
Spread Democracy and American ideals
Promote American world view to other countries on the world stage
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American interference in Mexico
When did the "Great War" break out in Europe?
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1914
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What were some of the causes of the Great War?
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Nationalism
Imperialism
Arms Race
Rival Alliance systems
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Who were known as the Central Powers?
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Germany
Turkey
Austria-Hungary
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Who were known as the Triple Entente?
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France
Great Britain
Russia
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What happened in June of 1914 that served as a spark to begin war?
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Assassination of Austrian Archduke in Sarajevo by Gavrilo Princip
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What happens with the germans early in the war??
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Offensive in the west
Early gains
Almost take Paris, but don't
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How many men died in the trenches?
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1,000,000 men in 4 months
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What is Wilson's stance on the war? Who does he technically favor?
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Neutrality
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Who does Wilson technically favor although neutral? Why?
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Western Allies and cause
Especially England
Heavy trade between them all
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England relies on ____ against Germany
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sea blockade
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What event spikes US involvement in the Great War?
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The sinking of the Lusitania in 1915
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What was the sinking of the Lusitania?
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Luxury liner sent by a company in England sunk by the Germans
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What does Wilson have to say about the sinking of the Lusitania?
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Believes it as an example of German "barbarism"
Sees Germany as real national security threat
Demands Germans end "unrestricted sub warfare"
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Republicans in the 1916 Election
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Emphasize "preparedness"
Charles Evans Hughes
Argues that Wilson was too weak
Have to be ready if we are dragged into the conflict
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Democrats in the 1916 Election
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Wilson renominated
Key: "He kept us out of war!"
Peace party
Wanted Republicans to be seen as war-hungry
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What other factors led to American entering the Great War in 1917?
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1) Wilson believes he can end war
2) Change in German policy
3) Zimmerman Telegram
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Who intercepted the Zimmerman Telegram?
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Great Britain
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Why would it be beneficial for Mexico to join the war?
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Could get back land it lost in the US vs Mexican War
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What does Wilson believe he can do?
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End all war
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How does war affect America on the HOME FRONT? (4 ways)
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Confusion, inefficiency
Increased size of Army and Navy
Growth in size/power of the fed govt
Affects African Americans
Rise of intolerance
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What contributed to the confusion and inefficiency faced on the home front?
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2 million American soldiers to fight
never been done before
Increased size of the US Navy
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In what ways did the federal government grow in size and power during the Great War?
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$10 billion raised from new taxes
Military draft
New agencies
War Industries Board
US Railroad Administration
Food Administration
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What did the US Railroad Administration do?
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Government takes over private railroad lines to control war traffic
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What did the Food Administration regulate during World War I?
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Americans ration food for soldiers
Meatless Mondays
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How does the war affect African Americans?
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More jobs in industrialization up north
GREAT MIGRATION
Over 500,000 AA go up North for jobs
Thousands join US Army but must serve in segregated units
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Against which ethnic group did intolerance rise against during The Great War?
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German Americans
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What are some ways intolerance was shown towards Germans?
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German shepards = "liberty dogs"
Sauerkraut = "liberty cabbage"
Lynchings of recent German immigrants
Any books written in german would be burned
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What did the passing of the Sedition Act of 1918 entail?
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It is a crime to speak, print, publish, or write material defaming the Federal Govt, US Constitution, or US Armed Forces
1500 prosecuted
1000 convicted
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Who was the commander of the US military during the Great War?
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John J. Pershing
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What does the AEF stand for?
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American Expeditionary Force
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How will the US troops serve once they get to Europe?
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Wanted to integrate US troops into English and French armies
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Who did not want the US troops to integrate with the others? Why not?
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Pres Wilson and Commander Pershing
Went against US history and tradition
French and English armies have not accomplished anything but killed millions of men and were not ahead of the game
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Name some key battles the US troops fought in Europe
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Chateau-Thierry
St.Michele
Argonne Forest
Belleau Wood
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The Great War ended in an ____ on the date of ____ .
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Armistice
11-Nov-18
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Why were the Germans willing to end the war in an armistice?
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German army did not suffer complete and utter defeat
German people at home were starving
Unrest opposition to war grows in Germany
Many Germans believe Wilson to be FAIR
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What was the name of President Wilson's blueprint plan for peace?
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"Fourteen Points"
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What was the main idea of the Fourteen Points?
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Postwar order where world conflicts won't happen like this again ("war to end all wars")
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What were the key points in Wilson's plan?
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Free trade
Openness
Fairness
Self-determination
League of Nations
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What were some issues with Wilson's program?
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Wanted his way or the highway
Didn't understand the views of his allies such as Clemenceau
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Who won the 1918 midterm elections?
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Republicans
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What was in the Treaty of Versailles?
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Indepedence for Poland
"War Guilt Clause" for Germany
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What was the "War Guilt Clause" in the Treaty of Versailles?
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Blamed Germans for starting the war
Assigned them large bill of reparations they must pay
$30 billion to Allies
Can only have an army of 100,000 men
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How did the US Senate feel about the Treaty of Versailles?
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Wilson did not like it
Believed League of Nations would make it better
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Why was a Republican majority Senate a problem?
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Wilson was a Democrat and had to compromise
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Who were nicknamed the "irreconcilables"?
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Republican isolationists who opposed the League of Nations in every way
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Who led the Republicans that were willing to compromise? What did he want to do?
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Henry Cabot Lodge
Reduce American responsibility
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What does Wilson do on his trip out west?
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Goes to campaign for treaty
Dies there
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What happens to the Treaty of Versailles and the League after Wilson's death?
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Treaty never ratified
US never joins the League
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Wilson's death marks the end of the _____.
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Progressive era
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What were the race riots?
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1919 and 1920 violent riots against AA in Northern cities
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What were the Palmer Raids or the "red scare"?
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Arrests of 3,000 people claiming they were terrorists
All let go bc no evidence to prove anything
The fact that this was able to happen
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Why were the Chicago White Sox nicknamed the "Black Sox"?
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Fixed World Series game in 1919
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Who won the presidential election of 1920?
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Warren G. Harding
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What were some of the keys to Harding?
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not in favor of the treaty or the league
America needs "normalcy"
Throws away progressivism and the people agree with him
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Effect of urbanization in the 1920s?
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More than 1/2 the American people live in cities
Total of 38 million
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What happens to the economy in the 1920s?
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Going up
GNP and AVG income are both above 30%
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What consumer products came about in the 1920s?
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Instant camera by KODAK
Refrigerators
Vacuum cleaners
Wireless radios
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What did the growth in automobile production do for the manufacturing industry?
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More glass
plastic
steel
rubber
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When did Hollywood come about in movie making?
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1908
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How were college and professional sports able to really take off in the 1920s?
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Film is able to capture live sporting events
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What were some of the new ideas that emerged in the 1920s?
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Freud's unconscious impulses
More people believed evolution
Flappers
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What were some of the liberal reforms to occur in the 1920s?
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Women the right to vote
More women enter the workforce
Divorces are more acceptable
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What was the nickname given to some of the authors of powerful literature in the 1920s?
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Sinclair Lewis
F.Scott Fitzgerald
Ernset Hemingway
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What were the 3 things that made the 1920s an era of REACTION?
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Rise of Fundamentalism
Rise of the Ku Klux Klan
Rise of Prohibition
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What do fundamentalists believe?
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Xian
evangelical fundamentals
LITERAL TRUTH of the Bible
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What did the KKK stand for in the 1920s? Where were its two largest chapters located?
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Anti-immigration
Anti-Catholic
Anti-cities
Oregon and Indiana
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What did the laws of prohibition entail?
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Prohibits manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol
Anti-city
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Why was Prohibition a fail?
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Too many people continued to drink
Rise of speakeasies
Rise of organized crime
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What made Warren Harding's reputation for being not that smart untrue?
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Often elected state legislature, lt.governor, US Senate
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What gave Warren Harding his reputation for not being very bright?
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Speeches he gave
Did not say much in public
Way he conducted himself
Affairs
Alcohol
Poker
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Who did Warren Harding pardon? Why?
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E.Debs
Put in prison because of political speech and Harding did not think it was right
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What were some of Harding's accomplishments?
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Appointment of effective cabinet
Charles Evans Hughes
Andrew Mellon
Economy grows
Bureau of Budget
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What was the main problem in Harding's presidency?
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Scandal
Ohio Gang
Teapot Dome
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