Study Guide: Final Exam
174 Cards in this Set
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Primary appraisal
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Quick assessment of the meaning of a given environmental event for the individual.
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Neuroendocrine system
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The hormonal systems involved in emotions and stress
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Catecholamines
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Hormones that control ANS activation Catecholamines are sympathomimetic "fight-or-flight" hormones that are released by the adrenal glands in response to stress.
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Secondary appraisal
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Self-assessment of the resources available to cope with stress
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Glucocorticoids
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Hormones responsible for maintaing the activation of psychological systems during emergencies
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Norepinephrine
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A neurotransmitter that activates the sympathetic response to stress, increasing heart rate, rate of respiration, and blood pressure in support of rapid action.
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Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
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A major neuro-endocrine pathway relevant to the stress response involving the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and the adrenal cortex.
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Adrenal-medullary system
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A major neuro-endocrine pathway stimulated during stress in which the hypothalamus activates the sympathetic nervous system.
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Cortisol
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The stress hormone; it is produced by the body to mobilize the body's energy resources during stressful situations.
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Alarm stage
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The phase of the general adaptation syndrome in which all of the body's resources respond to a perceived threat.
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General adaptation syndrome (GAS)
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As defined by Hans Selye, a generalized, nonspecific set of changes in the body that occur during extreme stress
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Resistance stage
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In the general adaptation syndrome, extended effort by the body to deal with a threat
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Exhaustion stage
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The phase of the general adaptation syndrome when all resources for fighting the threat have been depleted and illness is more likely.
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Allostasis
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Allostasis is the process of achieving stability, or homeostasis, through physiological or behavioral change.
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Coping
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Act of dealing with stress or emotions
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Problem-focused coping
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Way of dealing with stress that aims to change the situation that is creating stress.
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Emotion-focused coping
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Way of dealing with stress that aims to regulate the experience of distress.
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Emotional disclosure
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Way of coping with stress through writing or talking about the situation
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psychosomatic theory
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the idea that emotional factors can lead to the occurrence or worsening of illness
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physiological reactivity model
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explanation for the causal role of stress-related bodily changes in illness
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health behavior approach
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explanation for illness or health that focusses on the role of behaviors such as diet, exercise, and substance abuse.
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cardiovascular system
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the heart, blood, and all the blood vessels.
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psychoneuro-immunology (PNI)
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the science of how psychological factors relate to changes in the immune system
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antigen
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any foreign substance that triggers an immune response
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natural immunity
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form of immunity that is the first response to antigens
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acquired immunity
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immunity provided by antibodies or cells produced in the body in response to specific antigens
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cellular immunity
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the immune response that occurs when the T lymphocytes (T cells) fight antigens
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Type A behavior pattern
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a way of responding to challenge or stress, characterized by hostility, impatience, competitiveness, and time urgency
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cardiovascular reactivity (CVR) model
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hypothesis that hostility can increase the likelihood of heart disease through at least two different pathways
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anorexia nervosa
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an eating disorder in which people cannot maintain 85% of their ideal body weight for their height, have an intense fear of eating, and have a distorted body image
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bulimia nervosa
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Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by recurrent binge eating, followed by compensatory behaviors.
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anima
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according to Jung, the female part of the male personality
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animus
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according to Jung, the male part of the female personality
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archetypes
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ancient or archaic images that result from common ancestral experiences
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basic tendencies
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the essence of personality: the Big Five personality dimensions plus talents, aptitudes, and cognitive abilities
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behavioral thresholds
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the point at which a person moves from not having a particular response to having one
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Big Five or Five-factor model
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a theory of personality, that includes five dimensions: Openness to experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism (O.C.E.A.N.)
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collective unconscious
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according to Jung, the shared experiences of our ancestors that have been passed down from generation to generation.
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cortical arousal
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level of activation in the brain
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defense mechanisms
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unconscious strategies the mind uses to protect itself from anxiety by denying and distorting reality in some way
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ego
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Freud's term for the sense of self; the part of the mind that operates on the "reality principle"
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empirical method
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Empirical method is generally taken to mean the collection of data on which to base a theory or derive a conclusion in science.
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fixation
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a defense mechanism whereby a person continues to be concerned and even preoccupied with earlier stages of development
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id
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Freud's term for the seat of impulse and desire; the pleasure-seeking part of our personality
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inferiority complex
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an unhealthy need to dominate or upstage others as a way of compensating for feelings of deficiency
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inter-rater reliability
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measure of how much agreement there is in ratings when using two or more raters or coders to rate personality or other behaviors
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personal unconscious
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according to Jung, all our repressed and hidden thoughts, feelings, and motives
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projection
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a defense mechanism in which people deny particular ideas, feelings, or impulses and project them onto others
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projective tests
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In psychology, a projective test is a personality test designed to let a person respond to ambiguous stimuli, presumably revealing hidden emotions and internal conflicts.
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psychosexual stage theory
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Freud's stages of personality development; in different stages a different region of the body is most erogenous
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quantitative trait loci (QTL) approach
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a technique in behavioral genetics that looks for the location on genes that might be associated with particular behaviors
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rational (face valid) Method
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a method for developing questionnaire items that involves using reason or theory to come up with a question
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reaction formation
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a defense mechanism that turns an unpleasant idea, feeling, or impulse into its opposite
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repression
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defense mechanism for keeping unpleasant thoughts, feelings, or impulses out of consciousness
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rorschach inkblot test
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The Rorschach test (; also known as the Rorschach inkblot test or simply the Inkblot test) is a psychological test in which subjects' perceptions of inkblots are recorded and then analyzed using psychological interpretation, complex scientifically derived algorithms, or both.
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striving for superiority
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according to Adler, the major drive behind all behavior, whereby humans naturally strive to overcome their physical and psychological deficiencies
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sublimation
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a defense mechanism in which a socially unacceptable impulse is expressed in a socially acceptable way
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superego
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Freud's term for the part of the mind that monitors behavior and evaluates it in terms of right and wrong; the conscience
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thematic apperception test (TAT)
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a projective test in which the participant is presented with a series of picture cards and asked to tell a story about what is going on in the scene
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trait
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a disposition to behave consistently in a particular way
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unconditional positive regard
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Acceptance of another person regardless of his or her behavior
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Unconscious
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The level of consciousness containing all drives, urges, and instincts that are outside awareness but nonetheless motivate most behavior
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Aggression
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Violent behavior that is intended to cause psychological or physical harm, or both, to another being.
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altruism
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Altruism (pronounced: ) is selfless concern for the welfare of others.
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attitude
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An attitude is a hypothetical construct that represents an individual's degree of like or dislike for an item.
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attributions
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inferences made about the causes of other people's behavior
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bystander effect
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The bystander effect is a social psychological phenomenon that refers to cases where individuals do not offer help in an emergency situation when other people are present.
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cognitive dissonance
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Cognitive dissonance is an uncomfortable feeling caused by holding two contradictory ideas simultaneously.
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conformity
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Conformity is the process by which an individual's attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors are influenced by other people.
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cult
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an extremist group led by a charismatic, totalitarian leader who uses coercive methods to prevent members from leaving the group
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discrimination
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a sociological term referring to the treatment taken toward or against a person of a certain group in consideration based solely on class or category.
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empathy
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Empathy, which literally translates as in feeling, is the capability to share another being's emotions and feelings.
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empathy-altruism hypothesis
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the idea that people help others selflessly only when they feel empathy for them
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fundamental attribution error
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the tendency to explain other's behavior in dispositional rather than situational terms
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groupthink
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situation in which the thinking of the group takes over, so much so that group members forgo logic or critical analysis in the service of reaching a decision.
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informational social influence
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conformity to the behavior of others b/c one views them as a source of knowledge about what one is supposed to do
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in-group/out-group bias
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tendency to show positive feelings toward people who belong to the same group as we do, and negative feelings toward those in other groups
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kin selection
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the evolutionary favoring of genes that prompts individuals to help their relatives or kin
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normative social influence
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conformity to the behavior of others in order to be accepted by them
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obedience
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a type of conformity in which a person yields to the will of another person
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out-group homogeneity
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the tendency to see all members of an out-group as the same
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persuasion
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the act of attempting to change the opinions, beliefs, or choices of others by explanation or argument
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prejudice
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a biased attitude toward a group of people or an individual member of a group based on unfair generalizations about what members of that group are like
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prosocial behavior
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action that is beneficial to others
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reciprocal altruism
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the act of helping others in the hope that they will help us in the future
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self-serving bias
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the tendency to make situational attributions for our failures but dispositional attributions for our successes
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sexual strategies theory
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the idea that men and women face different problems when they seek out mates, and so they often approach relationships in very different ways
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social exchange theory
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the idea that we help others when we understand that the benefits to ourselves are likely to outweigh the costs
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social facilitation
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Phenomenon in which the presence of others improves one's performance
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social loafing
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Phenomenon in which the presence of others causes on to relax one's standards and slack off
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social norms
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rules about acceptable behavior imposed by the cultural context in which one lives.
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social psychology
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Social psychology is the study of the relations between people and groups.
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stereotypes
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A stereotype is a commonly held public belief about specific social groups, or types of individuals.
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triangular theory of love
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Robert Sternberg's idea that three components (intimacy, passion, and commitment) in various combinations, can explain all the forms of human love
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agoraphobia
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an anxiety disorder involving intense fear of being in places from which escape might be difficult or in which help might not be available should a panic attack occur
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antisocial personality disorder
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dramatic-emotional personality disorder characterized by extremely impulsive, deceptive, violent, ruthless, and callous behaviors; a serious and potentially dangerous disorder
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Asperger's syndrome
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Asperger syndrome is an autism spectrum disorder, and people with it therefore show significant difficulties in social interaction, along with restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior and interests.
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ADHD
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childhood disorder characterized by inability to focus attention for more than a few minutes, to remain still and quiet, to do careful work
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autism
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Autism is a disorder of neural development characterized by impaired social interaction and communication, and by restricted and repetitive behavior.
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avoidant personality disorder
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anxious-fearful personality disorder characterized by extreme fear of being criticized, low self-esteem, and avoidance of social interaction
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axis I disorders
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in the DSM-IV-TR, the major clinical syndromes that cause significant impairment
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axis II disorders
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in DSM-IV-TR, the more long-standing personality disorders as well as mental retardation
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bipolar disorder
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Bipolar disorder or manic-depressive disorder (also referred to as bipolar affective disorder or manic depression) is a psychiatric diagnosis that describes a category of mood disorders defined by the presence of one or more episodes of abnormally elevated energy levels, cognition, and mo…
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borderline personality disorder
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Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a personality disorder defined in DSM-IV and described as a prolonged disturbance of personality function in a person (generally over the age of eighteen years, although it is also found in adolescents), characterized by depth and variability of mo…
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catatonic schizophrenia
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subtype of schizophrenia characterized by two of the following symptoms: extreme immobility, excessive activity, peculiar posturing, mutism, or parroting what other people say
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cognitive symptoms
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problems with working memory, attention, verbal and visual learning and memory, reasoning and problem solving, processing, and speech
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comorbidity
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coexistence of two or more disorders
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compulsion
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a repetitive behavior performed in response to uncontrollable urges or according to a ritualistic set of rules
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delusion
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in people with schizophrenia, a false belief or exaggeration held despite evidence to the contrary
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dependent personality disorder
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anxious-fearful personality disorder characterized by fear of being rejected and having a strong need to be cared for
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diathesis-stress model
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explanation for the origin of psychological disorders as a combination of biological predispositions plus stress or an abusive environment
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disorganized schizophrenia
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a subtype of schizophrenia characterized by disorganized speech and behavior and flat or inappropriate affect
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dissociative disorders
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psychological disorders characterized by extreme spilts or gaps in memory, identity, or consciousness
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dissociative identity disorder (DID)
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dissociative disorder in which a person develops at least two distinct personalities, each with its own memories, thoughts, behaviors, and emotions
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dysthymia
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form of depression that is milder in intensity than major depressive disorder
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generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
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state of pervasive and excessive anxiety lasting at least six months
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hallucinations
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A hallucination, in the broadest sense, is a perception in the absence of a stimulus.
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histrionic personality disorder
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Histrionic personality disorder (HPD) is defined by the American Psychiatric Association as a personality disorder characterized by a pattern of excessive emotionality and attention-seeking, including an excessive need for approval and inappropriate seductiveness, usually beginning in ear…
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impulse control disorder
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an anxiety disorder related to obsessive-compulsive disorder in which a person feels an intense, repetitive desire to perform certain behaviors
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major depressive disorder
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mood disorder characterized by pervasive low mood, lack of motivation, low energy, and feelings of worthlessness and guilt that last for at least two consecutive weeks
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manic episodes
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one mood cycle in bipolar disorder, typically involving increased energy, sleeplessness, euphoria, irritability, delusions of grandeur, increased sex drive, and "racing" thoughts
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mood disorders
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category of psychological disorder characterized by severe disturbances in emotional behavior
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narcissistic personality disorder
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dramatic-emotional personality disorder characterized by having an extremely positive and arrogant self-image and being extraordinarily self-centered
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negative symptoms
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symptoms that include non-responsiveness, emotional flatness, immobility, catatonia, problems with speech, and the inability to complete tasks
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obsession
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an unwanted thought, word, phrase, or image that persistently and repeatedly comes into a person's mind and causes distress
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obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
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an anxiety disorder in which compulsive thoughts lead to obsessive behaviors
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obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
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anxious-fearful personality disorder characterized by rigid habits and extreme perfectionism; more general than OCD
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panic attack
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sudden, short period of extreme anxiety involving physiological and psychological symptoms and intense fear
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panic disorder
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an anxiety disorder characterized by panic attacks and persistent anxiety about having more attacks
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paranoid personality disorder
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odd-eccentric personality disorder characterized by extreme suspicions and mistrust of others in unwarranted and maladaptive ways
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paranoid schizophrenia
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subtype of schizophrenia characterized by preoccupation with delusions and auditory hallucinations
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personality disorders
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maladaptive and inflexible patterns of cognition, emotion, and behavior that develop in late childhood or adolescence
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phobia
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an anxiety disorder marked by ongoing and irrational fear of a particular object, situation, or activity
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positive symptoms
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the perceptual experiences associated with schizophrenia, including hallucinations, delusional thinking, and disorganized thought and speech
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post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
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a type of anxiety disorder triggered by exposure to a catastrophic or horrifying event that poses serious harm or threat
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psychotic disorders
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psychological disorders of thought and perception, characterized by inability to distinguish between real and imagined perceptions
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schizoid personality disorder
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odd-eccentric personality disorder characterized by a desire to avoid close relationships as well as by emotional aloofness, reclusively, and a lack of humor
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schizophrenia
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a mental disorder characterized by abnormalities in the perception or expression of reality.
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schizotypal personality disorder
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odd-eccentric personality disorder characterized by a desire to live an isolated and asocial life, but also by the presence of odd thoughts and beliefs
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social phobia
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fear of humiliation in the presence of others, characterized by intense self-consciousness about appearance or behavior or both
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undifferentiated schizophrenia
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subtype of schizophrenia characterized by the general symptoms of delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized speech
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word salad
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term for the people with schizophrenia, which may follow grammatical rules but be nonsensical in terms of content
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atypical antipsychotics
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newer antipsychotic drugs, which do not create tardive dyskinesia
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barbiturates
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a class of anxiety-reducing sedatives that can be addictive and carry a risk of overdose
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behavior therapies
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therapies that apply the principle of classical and operant conditioning in the treatment of psychological disorders
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benzodiazepines
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a class of anxiety reducing drugs that can be addictive, but are less dangerous than barbiturates
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bupropione
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a widely used antidepressant that inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine
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catharsis
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the process of releasing intense, often unconscious, emotions in a therapeutic setting
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client-centered therapy
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a form of humanistic therapy in which the therapist shows unconditional positive regard for the patient
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cognitive therapy
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any type of psychotherapy that works to restructure irrational thought patterns
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cognitive-behavioral therapy
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an approach to treating psychological disorders that combines techniques for restructuring irrational thoughts with operant and classical conditioning techniques to shape desirable behaviors
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defense mechanisms
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ways in which the mind protects itself from anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
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dialectical behavior therapy
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treatment that integrates elements of CBT with exercises aimed at developing mindfulness without meditation and is used to treat borderline personality disorder
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electroconclusive therapy
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treatment of last resort for severe depression that involves passing an electrical current through a persons brain in order to induce a seizure
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evidence-based therapies
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treatment choices based on empirical evidence that they produce the desired outcome
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flooding
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an extreme form of in vivo exposure in which the client experiences extreme exposure to the phobic object
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free association
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a psychotherapeutic technique in which the client takes one image or idea from a dream and says whatever comes to mind, regardless of how threatening, disgusting, or troubling it may be
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integrative therapy
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an eclectic approach in which the therapist draws on different treatment approaches and uses those that seem most appropriate for the situation
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lithium
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a salt that is prescribed for its ability to stabilize the mania associated with bipolar disorder
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mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT)
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an approach that combines elements of CBT with mindfulness meditation to help people with depression learn to recognize and restructure negative thought patterns
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monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors
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class of drugs used to treat depression; they slow the breakdown of monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain
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phenothiazines
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drugs used to treat schizophrenia; help diminish hallucinations, confusion, agitation, and paranoia but also have adverse side effects
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prefrontal lobotomy
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a form of psychosurgery in which the connections between the prefrontal cortex and the lower portion of the brain are severed; no longer in use
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psychodynamic psychotherapy
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therapy aimed at uncovering unconscious motives that underlie psychological problems
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psychotherapy
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the use of psychological techniques to modify maladaptive behaviors or thought patterns, or both, and to help patients develop insight into their own behavior
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repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
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treatment for severe depression involving exposure of specific brain structures to bursts of high-intensity magnetic fields instead of electricity
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repression
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the unconscious act of keeping threatening thoughts, feelings, or impulses out of consciousness
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selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI's)
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drugs prescribed primarily for depression and some anxiety disorders that work by making more serotonin available in the synapse
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systematic desensitization
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Systematic desensitization is a type of behavioral therapy used in the field of psychology to help effectively overcome phobias and other anxiety disorders.
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tardive dyskinesia
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repetitive, involuntary movements of jaw, tongue, face, and mouth and body tremors resulting from the use of traditional antipsychotic drugs
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token economies
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a behavioral technique in which desirable behaviors are reinforced with a token, such as a small chip or fake coin, which can be exchanged for privileges
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traditional antipsychotics
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historically, the first medications used to manage psychotic symptoms
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transference
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process in psychotherapy in which the client reacts to a person in a present relationship as though that person were someone from the clients past
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tricyclic antidepressants
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drugs used for treating depression, as well as in chronic pain management and in the treatment of ADHD
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