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JOUR 3745: EXAM 2
Beyonce case
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released digital copy on iTunes before hard copy (digital business model replacing analog business model)
Target refused to sell her CD because this decision affected sales projection
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Music Industry Trends
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Ownership is international
Production is fragmented
Distribution is concentrated
it's losing money!
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Music industry (money loss)
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10 years ago: global revenue was $38 billion
Last year: global revenue was $15 billion
Major labels blame digital revolution
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Types of Ownership (Music)
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Major labels (Warner music group)
Sub-labels (Atlantic)
Independent labels (Easy Star Records)
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Production w/ large labels
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songs to initial recordings
Album (vs. single)
Artist & Repertoire Agent--locating, signing, and developing talented artists
studio staff--audio engineers, etc.
financial investment in artist
protecting copyrights/licensing
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Distribution w/ large labels
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manufacturing physical formats
distribution to retail outlets and record clubs
promotion (Grazian model 2nd set of boundary spanners and gatekeepers)
radio
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Avenues for exhibition
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Brick and Mortar record stores
Retail stores
Record clubs
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2 ways artists make money on recordings
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flat fees
royalties
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artist signs with label
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Must pay for production and distribution
Label will advance money – deduct costs from artist’s royalties
Artists must also pay band members, managers,
attorneys, etc..
More than $500,000 albums to break even
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3 Traditional ways artists make money
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record sales/publishing royalties
concert tickets
merchandise
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other ways to make money
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licensing fees from commercials, movies, and TV
recording of shows
house band for talk show hosts
get involved in other industries (fashion, etc.)
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Changes that favor indie artists
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production (technological changes)
distribution (internet; spotify, youtube, etc.)
exhibition (Amazon, iTunes, etc.)
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Factors causing decline in profits
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low profit margins on digital downloads vs. traditional CD formats
increased access to free streaming music
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360 deals
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major labels want more money because they claim to invest more than new artists
pushing for more than 30% of what artists make from tours, merchandise, fan clubs, and endorsement fees
label promises to "support" artist while on tour before album launches in return
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concerns over music piracy
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copyright infringement
RIAA sued Napster and other websites because the industry claimed major revenue loss from piracy and illegal downloading
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socialization
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the lifelong process through which individuals learn about societal norms, values, and beliefs
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social identity
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a self-concept based on group membership and the emotional attachments associated with that membership
group members identify personal beliefs, actions, and interests as aligning with those of the group (EX: I'm Catholic and I'm pro-life)
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stereotype
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general beliefs held about an individual (or group of individuals) by society based on group affiliation
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social psychological perspective
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ability to process incoming information
cognitive shortcuts
schemas
stereotypes
Cumulative effects (cultivation theory)
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Cultural/Critical Studies Perspective
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lens of power
patriarchal cultures
hegemony (dominance of political and social elites over those with less social power
stereotypes perpetuate and reinforce power structure
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Why creators use stereotypes
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stock characters are easily identifiable and help viewers understand subplot/plot
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Sex v. Gender
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sex: biological
gender: sociological
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gender identity
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individuals learn what it means to be masculine or feminine
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socially constructed
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society tells us what it means to be a man or woman
identities are negotiated within a social context
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engenderment
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process by which females become feminine beings and males become masculine beings (through social construction)
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hyper-feminine/masculine traits
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gender-based ideology of exaggerated beliefs about what it is to be a man/woman
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beauty stereotypes
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created by society; advertisers decide what look they want to feature, so they pick models and use photoshop to achieve that look (minimize risk)
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Social Comparison Theory
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WE compare ourselves to self-evaluate
norms of appearance
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locus of control
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internal need vs. environment (manufactured, external need)
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physical stereotypes (women)
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thin body
flawless skin
symmetry
perfect facial features
thigh gap
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physical stereotypes (men)
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square jaw
full head of hair
six pack abs
large pecs
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Intended advertising effects
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we have human needs
advertisers activate that need
they position brand
we purchase the advertised product
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Unintended effects (women)
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low self-esteem
eating disorders
large sums of money spent on beauty products
diet pills, OTC products like Latisse mascara and botox, lifestyle drugs
increase in plastic surgery
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Unintended effects (men)
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men go to the extreme to achieve the false ideal portrayed by media
low self-esteem
products/lifestyle drugs (steroids)
plastic surgery
increase in depression, eating disorders, and suicide
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deceptive advertising
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a misleading ad makes claims it cannot support (an extremely over-edited makeup ad)
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hypersexuality
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an over-emphasis on appearance/sexuality by way of clothing and body proportions
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gender display
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process of performing the roles society expects us to play
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code
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shorthand language that everyone shares; a set of rules, a code of behavior
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objectification
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dehumanizing and demeaning
presentation of emphasis on suggestive body parts, or parts not including the head
lack of role-product congruity
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Ritualization of subordination
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physically lowering oneself to be below the dominant counterpart
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2 observations by Goffman
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Defenselessness: woman is submissive, powerless, and vulnerable
Sexualized: powerlessness is sexualized; there is only one active participant
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the male gaze
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the image of a woman is created from the perspective of a male observer
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critics' view of images' effect
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media as shaper
maintain hegemonic patriarchal system
perpetuate inequalities
self esteem
dehumanization--violent relationships
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proponents' view of images' effect
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media as mirror
no overt short or long-term effect
individual differences
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Feminine role stereotypes over time
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reflected patriarchal society
Women's Lib movement
women worked outside home, ran household and raised family
more diverse population of women, some stereotypes still exist
women can do a lot more things!
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6 masculine role stereotypes
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The Big Shot
The Strong, Silent Type
The Jock
The Action Hero
The Joker
The Lover
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Men growing up to be boys
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Peter Pan Syndrome
commodified--used to sell products to young males
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Metrosexual
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heterosexual man who cares about his appearance, and who adopts some of the lifestyle choices often associated with urban gay men
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Representation of men in recent advertising campaigns
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men are fathers and can do the same housework roles society assigned to women
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First Wave feminism
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right to vote, right to work and to be educated
some inequality was still totally accepted
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2nd Wave Feminism
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sexuality and equal rights movement that began in turbulent '60s
bra burners
sexuality and reproductive rights
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3rd Wave Feminism
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stemmed from Rebecca Walker's critique of 2nd wave; daughters of 2nd wave generation
expanded to include diversity awareness
has many subgroups including "Grrl Power" or "lipstick feminism"
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Title IX
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equal opportunity to participate in sports, regardless of sex
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Gender Divide in sports
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men's sports are standard; women's sports are "other"
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LeVande article
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1990s female popstars are sexualized
media ownership deregulation
Conglomerates in music industry also own business in porn industry--leading to more pornographic images in mainstream music
"Grrl Power" is demeaning, not true feminism
sexuality has been commodified to increase profits
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4 Stages of ethnic/sexual representation in media
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Non-recognition
Symbolic annihilation
Stereotypes
Equalitarian
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LGBT characters
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symbolically annihilated in past
focus on social constructionism rather than biological essentialism
reinforce rather than challenge prevailing heterosexual hegemony
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Lesbian characters (stereotypes)
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masculine, aggressive, angry, troubled
either written off or restored to happiness by returning to heterosexual femininity (non-leads)
one relationship will return to heterosexuality (leads)
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Lesbian characters (changes)
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stereotypes persist
different type of image emerging
more complex characters/relationships are being explored
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Gay characters (stereotypes)
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more frequently represented than lesbians and transgenders
sanitized, nonthreatening roles (male intimacy is rare)
white, middle-upper class, professional males
focus is how heterosexuals respond to them, not the other way around
gay best friend to heterosexual girl
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Will & Grace
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first show that built around gay characters from the start
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Tropiano's 4 recurring plotlines
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1. Coming Out
2. Mistaken Identity
3. Pretend
4. Very Special
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African American stereotypes
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criminal
athlete
entertainer
mystical
single mother on welfare
domestic help
angry black woman
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Attempts to change representation
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"Julia"
"I Spy"
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