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Study Guide: Exam 4
Aggression |
Behavior whose purpose is to harm another |
Frustration-aggression principle |
Suggests that people aggress when their goals are thwarted |
Cooperation |
Behavior by two or more individuals that leads to mutual benefit |
Alturism |
Behavior that benefits another without benefiting onesefl |
Kin selection |
The process by which evolution selects for genes that cause individuals to provide benefits to their relatives |
Reciprocal alturism |
Behavior that benefits another with the expectation that those benefits will be returned in the future |
Group |
A collection of two or more people who believe they have something in common |
Prejudice |
A positive or negative evaluation of another person based on their group membership |
Discrimination |
Positive or negative behavior toward another person based on their group membership |
In-group |
A human category of which a person is a member |
Out-group |
A human category of which a person is not a member |
Deindividuation |
Occurs when immersion in a group causes people to become less aware of their individual values |
Social loafing |
Occurs when people expend less effort when in a group than alone |
Bystander intervention |
The act of helping strangers in an emergency situation--reveal that bystanders are less likely to step forward and help an innocent person in distress when there are many other bystanders present |
Diffusion of responsibility |
Occurs when individuals feel diminished responsibility for their actions because they are surrounded by others who are acting the same way |
Group polarization |
The tendency for a group's initial leaning to get stronger over time |
Situational factors |
One of the best predictors of any kind of interpersonal relationship is the physical proximity of the people involved |
Mere exposure effect |
The tendency for liking to increase wiht the frequency of exposure |
Physical factors |
Once people are in the same place at the same time, they can begin to learn about each other's personal qualities, and in most cases, the first quality they learn about is the other person's appearance |
Companionate love |
An experience involving affection, trust, and concern for a partner's well-being |
Social exchange |
The hypothesis that people remain in relationships only as long as they perceive a favorable ratio of costs to benefits |
Passionate love |
An experience involving feelings of euphoria, intimacy, and intense sexual attraction |
Comparison level |
Refers to the cost-benefit ratio that people believe they deserve or could attain in another relationship |
Equity |
A state of affairs in which the cost-benefit ratios of 2 partners are roughly equal |
Social influence |
The control of one person's behavior by another |
Observational learning |
The process of learning by observing others being rewarded and punished |
Norms |
Customary standards for behavior that are widely shared by members of a culture |
Normative influence |
Occurs when one person's behavior is influenced by another person's behavior because the latter provides information about what is appropriate |
Norm of reciprocity |
The unwritten rule that people shoudl benefit those who have benefited them |
Door-in-the-face technique |
A strategy that uses reciprocating concessions to influence behavior |
Conformity |
The tendency to do what others do simply because others are doing it, and it results in part from normative influence |
Obedience |
The tendency to do what authorities tell us to do simply because they tell us to do it |
Attitude |
An enduring positive or negative evaluation of an object or event |
Belief |
An enduring piece of knowledge about an object or event |
Informational influence |
Occurs when a person's behavior is influenced by another person's behavior because the latter provides information about what is good or true |
Persuasion |
Occurs when a person's attitudes or beliefs are influenced by communication from another person |
Systematic persuasion |
Refers to a change in attitudes or beliefs that is brought about by appeals to reason |
Heuristic persuasion |
Refers to a change in attitudes or beliefs that is brought about by appeals to habit or emotion |
Foot-in-the-door technique |
A strategy that uses a person's desire for consistency to influence that person's behavior |
Cognitive dissonance |
An unpleasant state that arises when a person recognizes the inconsistency of his or her actions, attitudes, or belies |
Social cognition |
Refers to the processes by which people come to understand others |
Categorization |
The process by which people identify a stimulus as a member of a class of related stimuli |
Stereotyping |
The process by which people draw inferences about others based on their knowledge of the categories ot which others belong |
Perceptual confirmation |
The tendency for observers to perceive what they expect to perceive |
Self-fulfilling prophecy |
A phenomenon whereby observers bring about what htey expect to perceive |
Aattributions |
Inferences about the causes of people's behavior |
Correspondence bias |
The tendency to make a dispositional attribution even when a person's behavior was caused by the situation |
Actor-observer effect |
The tendency to make situational attributions for our own behaviors while making dispositional attributions for hte identical behavior of others |