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Study Guide: Exam 1
Consciousness |
the state or fact of being mentally conscious or aware of anything |
Attention |
the active cognitive processing of limited inform from all info available through senses, memory, or thoughts. |
Selective Attention |
process of tracking one stimulus and ignoring another Ex: studying while at busy, noisy coffee shop |
The cocktail party effect |
E. Colin Cherry - did not do research at actual cocktail parties Key Observation: we follow one conversation despite distractions from other conversations. |
Mindfulness |
paying deliberate attention to immediate situation |
mindlessness |
lack of mindfulness |
The Stroop Effect |
John Ridely Stroop (1935) Matching colors and words is hard to comprehend |
two purposes of consciousness: |
Monitoring - Track internal mental processes, personal behavior, awareness of environment eg: feeling depressed, think, realized you havent exercised in awhile Controlling - What to with info received from monitoring eg: going to the gym |
Preconscious Level |
info easily made conscious just not continuously in awareness Ex: phone numbers, the driving route to your favorite restaurant, tip of the tongue phenomenon |
Subconscious/Unconscious Level |
Subconscious/ Unconscious level - Info not easily accessible Ex: in studies of priming, people could not remember having seen certain words on a study list, but could solve anagrams of those words faster than words they had not seen. The influence of having studied the words was subconscious and inaccessible. |
Sleep and Dreaming |
Altered state where we are mostly unaware of external stimuli Why: Despite research, no consensus on why we actually sleep |
Preservation and Protection |
Adaptive way to protect during dangerous night time. |
Restoration |
Restoration: means restoring depleted resources |
Circadian Rythms |
Circadian Rhythms - biological cycles equal to 24 hours in humans and other species |
EEG's |
Electroecephalograms - measures brain waves during sleep, different activity of different levels of sleep. |
Stage 1 of sleep |
Stage 1 - alpha waves - smaller rapid, irregular waves transitional state between wakefulness and sleep |
Stage 2 of sleep |
Spend more than half sleeping times in this stage, alpha waves, but larger Muscle tension is markedly lower |
Stages 3 and 4 of sleep |
Delta waves - larger and slower than the alpha waves 20-50% of EEG waves are Delta waves Only becomes stage 4 when 50% or more waves are delta waves |
stage 5 of sleep |
REM - rapid eye movement Also called paradoxical sleep, brain active, body inactive Hardest to wake people from Brain activity similar to wakefulness |
Dreams debate: Meaningfulness vs. Meaninglessness |
Freud - royal road to the unconscious Dreams = meaningful, disguised wishes/fantasies being played out Dement and Vaughn studied people deprived of water, dreams about drinking Dreams = no real deep meaning |
Dreaming: Cognitive Theorists |
Argue for problem solving view, we work out problems during dreams a study looked at women who dreamt about divorce cope better than those who didnt, suggesting that we problem solve in our dreams. |
Activation Synthesis Hypothesis |
Argues our dreams = organization and interpretation synthesis of neural activity during sleep We accept bizarre things in dreams because of peculiar brain physiology |
Hypnosis |
Altered state of consciousness deep relaxation extreme sensitivity to suggestion most people are at least moderately hypnotizable people don’t do thing under hypnosis that they wouldn’t otherwise do still used today in psychotherapy to recall repressed memories smoking cessation |
Meditation |
Altered consciousness through contemplation trains attention to heighten awareness and bring mental processes under greater voluntary control alpha a theta waves more prominent heart rate, respiration, blood pressure, and muscle tension decrease high activity in prefrontal cortex low activity in parietal lobe lowers stress hormones |
Chemical: Psychoactive Drugs |
Chemical substances that modify: mental, emotional, behavioral functioning 4 basic categories: Narcotics, CNS depressants, CNS stimulants, Hallucinogens Narcotics - drugs derived from opium that are capable of relieving pain. Morphine, heroine, codeine Effects - produce numbness or stupor; relieve pain; euphoria; suppress cough Highly addictive, sweating, nausea Can be injected, smoked, or ingested orally |
Central Nervous System Depressants |
Sleep inducing drugs that decease CNS activation and activity Effects: sleep inducing decrease behavioral activity euphoria relaxation anxiety reduction reduce inhibition |
Cognition |
Cognition - thinking gaining knowledge, and solving problems |
Category |
A group of concepts or things that share some properties |
Prototype |
A familiar or typical example of a category |
Spreading activation |
The process by which the activation of one concept also activates or primes other concepts that are linked to it. Activation of one concept activates other related concepts |
Priming |
Cuing implicit memory (something one knows but isn’t aware of) |
Attention |
Attention - The tendency to respond to or remember some stimuli more than others |
Pre-attentive processes |
Pre-attentive processes - an object stands out immediately because it is different |
Attentive processes |
Requires searching through the items in a series shifting attention Example: Wheres Waldo |
Change blindness |
Failing to detect changes in parts of a scene because we are not paying attention to it. We don’t keep a detailed representation of what we’ve seen or heard (we hold onto only few details --> thats “attention”) |
Algorithms |
Trying all possible alternatives, solution is guaranteed |
Heuristics |
Methods of simplifying a problem, faster but more errors, efficient and saves time and effort |
Phoneme |
Unit of sound (english language has about 40) |
Morpheme |
Unit of meaning (can be the whole word or part of a word) Example: Un- Approach -Able |
Syntax |
Rules for combining words into a sensible sentence Example: adjectives usually precede nouns in english |
Developmental Milestones: 3-12 months |
Babbling |
10-13 months |
First words "mama" |
12-18 months |
50 word vocabulary, mostly nouns |
18-24 months |
Vocabulary spurt, mostly 2 word phrases ex: Mommy go |
2-4 years |
Increase in words in sentences |
4-5 years |
Well developed syntax, almost as well of a developed language as an adult |
Broca's Area |
Frontal Cortex responsible for using and understanding grammatical devices |
Wernickes Area |
Temporal cortex recalls names of objects and comprehension of language |
Intelligence: |
Individual differences in abilities to perform tasks |
Sir Francis Galton |
Darwinism- “Survival of the fittest” Psychometric approach: to measure the mind Battery of tests - Visual acuity, strength, reaction time Correlation between scores Conclusion - general ability Problems - Measurements were crude Selective sample Did not correlate with actual intellect |
Alfred Binet |
Commissioned by French Education Dept Test to identify students who needed help in school Set of questions, increasing difficulty Normal Development as the standard Correlated well with future performance |
Lewis Terman |
Binet test did not work well for US children Adapted items, added items, established new age norms and categories for the US |
Charles Spearman |
Psychometric Tradition Mathematical influence Factor analysis: statistical procedure to analyze correlations to specific factors “g” and “s” general intelligence and specific intelligence |
LL Thurstone |
General intelligence exists only because “s” are related to each other Seven “primary mental abilities Verbal comprehension, word fluency, number, associative memory, reasoning, space, perceptual speed First multi-factor approach did not correlate well with future performance |
David Weschler |
Stanford binet too verbal Verbal and non-verbal subtests Wisc, children Wais, adults |
Phillip Vernon |
Difficult to reject: concept of “g” Specific intelligence Relationship between specific intelligences HIerarchical models |
Raymond Cattell |
Fluid intelligence: innate, born with it Cystallized intelligence: acquired over time, learned Fluid intelligence - ability to see relationships, primary reasoning ability Crystalized intelligence - knowledge and skills, factual knowledge. Based findings on professional’s own performance data Fluid - mathematicians, Scientists, poets Crystallized - historians, philosophers, prose writers |
Howard Gardner |
Multiple Intelligences Categories of abilities - 8 different intelligences |
Robert Sternberg |
Abilities are not necessarily intelligences Triarchic theory Analytical/academic intelligence Creative Intelligence |