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BIOL 3800:Chapters 1&3 Studyguide
98% of the body consists of:
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Hydrogen (63%), Oxygen (25.5%), and Carbon (9.5%)
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What determines whether molecules are inorganic/organic or animate/inanimate?
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The organization of hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon atoms
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Homeostasis
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Claude Bernard/Cannon 1926
Organ systems integrated by automatic adjustments to keep interior environment within narrow limits despite external changes
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Negative feedback
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Correction back to "center"
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Positive feedback
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Amplification, away from center
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Evidence is based on:
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Verifiable and quantifiable observations
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Theory of Vitalism
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The theory that organic substances can only be produced by living organisms. Disproved by Friedrich Wohler in 1828 when he synthesized urea (NH2-CO-NH2) from inorganic compounds.
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3 major structures of the cytoskeleton, their proteins, and diameters:
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Microtubules- tubulins, 250A
Intermediate filaments- three proteins, 120A
Microfilaments- actin, 70A
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Lysosomes
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Digestive enzymes in vesicles
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Apoptosis vs Necrosis
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Apoptosis: fragmentation of nucleus and cytoplasm induced by cellular damage or specific signaling pathways. Result of cell mechanism.
Necrosis: the nucleus stays intact longer than the cytoplasmic structures. Result of injury.
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Slow entry of Ca++ vs fast entry
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Slow- apoptosis
Fast- necrosis
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Apoptosis results in:
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1. condensation of the nucleus
2. cell shrinkage
3. chromosomal fragmentation due to the controlled digestion of DNA by apoptosis DNAses
4. cytoplasmic blebbing and apoptosis bodies are also seen
5. cell death without inflammation of the surrounding tissue
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Atom
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Smallest particle of an element that still retains the properties of that element
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Elements
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Substance composed of atoms of one particular kind
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Compound
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Substance composed by chemical union of two or more elements
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Mixture
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Combination of compounds or elements that are not chemically combined
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Valence
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Number of bonds an atom can form
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Electrolyte
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Any substance that ionizes in water
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Radioisotopes
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Unstable isotopes
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Unit for atomic weight
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Daltons
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Charge distributions and their effects
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Neutral: equal number of charges
Charged: unequal number of charges
Dipole: equal number of charges but unequally distributed
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Linus Pauling's electronegativity principle:
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Partial charges are produced by oxygen's tendency to pull valence electrons closer to the nucleus. Forms an electric dipole. Dipole/dipole interactions are responsible for hydrogen bonds
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Hydration
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Water around ions or at dipoles
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Hydrophilic
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Able to form hydrogen bonds with water (ions, amino acids, ATPs, sugars)
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Hydrophobic
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Unable to form hydrogen bonds with water (fats, oils, hydrocarbons)
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Amphipathic
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Molecules with both hydrophobic an hydrophilic regions (oleate, phospholipids, detergents). Important for self-assembly of unique structures (micelles and membranes)
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__ play a vital role in the self assembly of membranes
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Phospholipids
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Colligative properties
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Those that depend on the total number of solute particles in a given volume
1. depress freezing point (salt water)
2. elevate boiling point
3. depress water vapor pressure
4. osmotic pressure (membrane)
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Ion
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an atom or molecule bearing a net charge due to loss or gain of electrons
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ionization
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the dissociation into ions of a compound in solution
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Atomic mass unit before and after 1960:
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before: based on oxygen-16
after: 1/12 of the mass of a neutral atom of most abundant isotope of carbon (carbon-12)
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List the molecular bonds in order of increasing strength.
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london dispersion forces, van de Waals forces, hydrogen bonds, electrostatic ionic bonds, and covalent bonds
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Activity
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"effective" free concentration of an electrolyte
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mole
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the relative molecular weight in grams
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hydronium ion
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H3O+
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Hydroxyl ion
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OH-
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acid
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any substance which releases H+
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base
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any substance which captures H+
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What is normal blood pH?
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7.4 (+/-) 0.1
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What blood pH causes a coma or death?
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7
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What blood pH causes alkalosis?
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7.5
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What blood pH causes convulsion and death?
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7.8
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3 major mechanisms of controlling acid or alkaline load:
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1. pulmonary ventilation (CO2 removal)
2. kidney acid or alkaline urine (H+ removal)
3. buffer system in blood
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Buffer system in blood: definition and components
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an acid-base buffer system is a solution of two or more chemical compounds that react in a manner so as to prevent changes in the H+ concentration
1. proteins
2. phosphate buffer
3. bicarbonate buffer system
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current
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flow of charge
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voltage
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electromotive force or electric potential expressed in volts
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resistivity
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the resistance of a conductor 1 cm in length and 1 cm2 in cross-sectional area
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resistance
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property that hinders the flow of current measured in ohms (Ω)
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conductance
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the reciprocal of resistance. unit is siemen (S)
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conductivity
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the reciprocal of resistivity
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Ohm's law
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current is proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance (V=IR)
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capacitance
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a measure of the ability of a nonconductor to store electric charge (C=q/v)
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affinity/selectivity sequence
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an order of binding preference among cation species, ranging from those that bind most strongly to those that bind most weakly
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cation
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positive ion
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anion
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negative ion
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carbonyl structure
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C=O
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silicate structure
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Si-O
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carboxyl structure
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O=C=OH
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ether structure
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R-O-R
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Types of lipids
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fats, phospholipids, sterols, sphingolipids, glycolipids, waxes
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characteristics of lipids
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1. solubility in organic solvents (chloroform ether, benzene)
2. insoluble in water (most)
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characteristics of saturated fats:
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no double bonds, low melting points
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characteristics of unsaturated fats
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some double bonds between carbons, form solids at room temperatures
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what determines the physical properties of a fat molecule?
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degree of saturation and length of carbon chain
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Where do triglycerides accumulate? What is the significance of this?
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in fat vacuoles in adipose tissue cells. can be stored in high concentrations without water
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structure of triglycerides
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glycerol + 3 fatty acids
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structure of phospholipids
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phosphate group and two fatty acid chains.
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structure of sterols
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structure of sterols
membrane components, precursors for steroid hormones
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structure of sphingolipids
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fatty acid + amino alcohol sphingosine
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structure of glycolipids
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lipids with one or more sugar molecules
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structure of waxes
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esters of higher fatty acids
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general functions of lipids
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1. structural components of membranes-self assembly
2. storage depots of metabolic fuel (intracellular)
3. protective component of skin
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three types of carbohydrates
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monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides
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glycogen
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a polysaccharide. large, covalently-linked macromolecule consisting of glucose subunits
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primary protein structure
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amino acid sequence
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secondary protein structure
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regional structure conformation (α helix, β sheet, random coil)
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tertiary protein structure
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detailed folding of entire molecule (S-S bonds)
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quarternary protein structure
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protein complexes
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DNA is composed of:
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guanine, cytosine, adenine, and thymine
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RNA is composed of:
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guanine, adenine, cytosine, and uracil
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ribosomal RNA
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forms much of ribosome
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messenger RNA
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information for protein assembly
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transfer RNA
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attach to amino acids
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replication
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old DNA → new DNA
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transcription
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DNA → mRNA
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translation
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mRNA → protein
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potential vs kinetic energy
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potential- stored energy
kinetic- energy of motion
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1st law of thermodynamics
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energy is neither created nor destroyed in the universe
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2nd law of thermodynamics
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the entropy of a closed system will always increase with time
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Free energy
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biological systems can utilize only that component of the total available energy capable of doing work under isothermal conditions
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