BIOL 3800:Exam One
118 Cards in this Set
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TRUE
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T/F: The maintenance of the high state of biological organization requires constant input of energy
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TRUE
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T/F: The voltage across membranes of all cells is created primarily by a phenomenon called the potassium diffusion potential
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TRUE
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T/F: Mammalian cells shrink in a 400 milli-osmolar solution
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FALSE
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T/F: A neutral molecule CANNOT participate in the formation of Hydrogen bonds
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FALSE
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T/F: In order for the voltage-gated channel to open, ATP must be hydrolyzed
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FALSE
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T/F: Tight junctions serve as electrical synapses in the central nervous system
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TRUE
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T/F: The Gibbs free energy is the energy we can derive from a molecule under isothermal conditions at approximately body temperature
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TRUE
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T/F: The muscle spindle apparatus contains both displacement and velocity detectors
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FALSE
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T/F: the falling phase of the Action Potential is generated by the influx of Chloride Ions which return the potential to a negative value inside neurons
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TRUE
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T/F: Graded potentials display a great variety of amplitudes but never self-propagating
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TRUE
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T/F: Active transport of water has never been demonstrated. Water always moves osmotically
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FALSE
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T/F: Primary active transport can create concentration gradients & secondary active transports cannor
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FALSE
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T/F: Myasthenia Gravis produces a slowly developing spastic paralysis
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FALSE
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T/F: The threshold of generating action potentials must be the same in all regions of a health neuron (dendrites, soma, & axon) but may differ among neurons
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False: TTX not Ouabain
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T/F: Ouabain blocks the sodium pump, causing an almost immediate cessation of action potentials
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FALSE
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T/F: A long axon conduct AP's faster than a short axon even if the diameters are the same
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TRUE
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T/F: the acetylcholin channel/receptor complex consists of 5 subunits that are not covalently linked
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TRUE
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T/F: The Nernst equation allows the calculation of diffusion potentials only for one type of ion and only at equilibrium
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FALSE
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T/F: The protein collagen forms a superhelix composed of 3 polypeptide chains and this represents a "2ndary structure of a protein"
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TRUE
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T/F: Slow, indirect chemical transmission always involves a G Protein mechanism in the post synaptic membrane
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False: Transcription
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T/F: The process of synthesizing messenger RNA from DNA is called "Translation"
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TRUE
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T/F: In general, large depolarizations at the axon hillock trigger more action potentials at a higher frequency than small depolarizations
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FALSE
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T/F: Free Ca++ in most cells is usually maintained at concentrations btwn 1-5 milliMolar
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TRUE
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T/F: Botulinum toxin attacks synaptic snare proteins, which prevents exocytosis
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FALSE
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T/F: Whereas the main axon forms many synapses on target cells, the collateral makes only a single large synapse
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TRUE
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T/F: Evolution is often "sloppy" & carries along mechanisms that are not optimal
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FALSE
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T/F: Sucrose & Glucose mixture, dissolved in water, forms an electrolyte
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FALSE
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T/F: Schwann cells myelinate axons in both the central & peripheral nervous systems
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FALSE
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T/F: the threshold of generating APs in glia is much higher that what is found in neurons
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FALSE
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T/F: the water molecule is a polarization molecule with partial negative and positive charges. If placed btwn 2 electrodes it would slowly migrate toward the cathode
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FALSE
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T/F: Mammalian cells swell & may even lyse in a 0.45 osmolar solution
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TRUE
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T/F: Receptor endings called "peritrichial arborizations" are formed by the peripheral process of unipolar cells
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TRUE
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T/F: Nernst equation allows the calculations of single ion diffusion potentials
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TRUE
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T/F: Ionic bonds are generally stronger than H bonds
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TRUE
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T/F: Most synapses found so far in the mammalian CNS are chemical synapses
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TRUE
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T/F: the smooth ER in the axon participates in Ca++ regulation
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False: Na ions go through the ligand gated channels
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T/F: The rising phase of the AP is generated by sodium ions moving through the sodium / potassium pump protein in the membrane
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False: -65 to -70 mV is repolarization (downward/decrease)
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T/F: A voltage change from -65 mV to -70 mV is a depolarization
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False: the threshold (-55mV) is a membrane at the trigger zone where APs become self propagating
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T/F: Large graded potentials are usually self propagating
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False: proposed by Singer and Nicolson in 1972
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T/F: The Gorter/Grendal membrane model is also identified as the "fluid mosaic model"
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False: Translation occurs before Transcription
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T/F: Transcription occurs after translation
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TRUE
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T/F: The Na pump may be classified as an enzyme
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False: larger in diameter & more myelinated = faster
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T/F:The conduction velocity of an AP along an axon depends on the length of the axon: the longer the fast the AP must travel
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False: diameter is in angstroms
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T/F: Microtubules have a diameter of approximately 250 mm
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TRUE
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T/F: Electrical synapses in the nervous system are gap junctions
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False: Electrochemical gradient transport uses electric field across membranes and movement of Na+ ion in that field where Na+ move together in the same direction
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T/F: The active transport of water uses symports and antiports as a transport mechanism
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TRUE
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T/F: Movement of ions through the post synaptic membranes occurs via ligand gated channels
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TRUE
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T/F: Oligodendrocytes have membrane potentials, but cannot produce APs because they do not have voltage gated Na+ & K+ channels
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(5) IPSP: Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential
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Any change in Vm that reduces the probability of an AP; Cl- flowing into cell
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(2) -70 mV
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resting potential, -__ miliVolts
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(4) Threshold potential
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the potential at which a response is produced
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Chloride channels
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found at most inhibitory synapses
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Ca++
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Used to trigger exocytosis at presynaptic membrane
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axon hillock
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area with the highest density of voltage-gated sodium channels
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voltage gates K+ channels
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required to generate the downslope of the Action Potential
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EPSP
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Graded response potential at excitatory synapses
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Ligand gated channel
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Acetyl choline receptor / channel
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Wohler
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First to make organic compound from inorganic chemicals
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Helmholtz
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Made the first measurement of nerve impulse velocities
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Loewi
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Proved experimentally the existence of chemical synapses
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Hodgkin-Huxley
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Determined ion movements that give rise to the action potential
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reserpine
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empties vesicles in bouton of presynaptic fiber
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Myasthenia gravis
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blocks receptor proteins with antibodies
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nerve gas
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blocks acetycholinsterase
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atropine
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transmitter at myoneural junctions of skeletal muscles
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nicotine
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pharmacological compound which mimics the effect of acetylcholine
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amphipathic phospholipid
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the molecule shown to the left is an
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sodium pump
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the concentrations of ions inside and outside a nerve cell are highly asymmetric. this is caused and maintained primarily by:
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Coulomb's Law
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the electrostatic attraction or repulsion btwn charges can be quantitatively described by which of the following equations?
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0.018g
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How many grams does a millimole of water weigh? (use the following atomic weights: Carbon=12 , Oxygen=16, Hydrogen=1)
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active transport
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May be rheogenic or electrogenic, sources of chemical energy like ATP are required, the transport system is usually highly selective, & can usually be inhibited by specific blocking agents. These are basic features of an
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Urea (CH4N2O)
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the first organic molecule synthesized in the laboratory from purely inorganic compounds
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10^-2
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10 micrometers represent how many millimeters?
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Right side
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Given the salt concentrations to the left, & a membrane that is permeable only to water then water movement goes to the
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water movement to the right & negative charge buildup in the right chamber
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you are given a 2 compartment chamber containing1 L of distilled water in each. the membrane btwn the compartments is permeable only to water & to Na+ ions. If 0.5 M of Calcium Chloride is added to the Left & 1 M of sodium chloride to the right, what will happen?
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2
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What is the pH of a 10 millimolar HCl solution?
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120mM, 3mM, 100nM
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What is the approx concentration of Na+, K+ & Ca++ in the extracellular fluid of most animals?
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-116, -58
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use the graph to determine the potential for these concentrations of K+:
1) K out = 3mM; K in 300 mM
2) K out = 10mM, K out = 100mM
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2,1,3
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Which curve represents results from the Goldman equation, Nernst equation, and real data in the same order?
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slowly decrease to resting potential with eventual loss of APs
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If the Na+ pump is inactivated by a poison, what would you expect to happen to a neuron's electrical properties?
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the K+ ion is membrane permeable and enters the cell under the influence of the small electric field
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The Na+ pump has the inherent capability of producing a membrane potential bc it expels more + charges than it brings in (electrogenic pump). Nevertheless, in nerve cells of all animals, this pump does not contribute more than a few mV to the total membrane potential because
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Gap Junction
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a cell-cell junction that permits the passage of ions and small molecules (usually up to 1,000 Daltons) btwn the cells is called a
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TRUE
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T/F: in comparing chemical and electrical synapses both can be found in the brains of mammals and even primates
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Influx of Chloride & increase in K+ permeability
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IPSP's are generated at a synapse by what 2 things?
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TTX tetrodotoxin
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the substance that you use to almost immediately stop all AP production in all types of nerve cells
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1 millisecond
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approx how long does an avg nerve cell AP last?
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Na+ gradient dependent co & counter transport
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Mechanism that has evolved to take advantage of membrane potentials in ALL cells
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it shows the rising phase of the AP is caused by the influx of Na+
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the diagram shows the decreases in AP amplitudes as NaCl is gradually replaced with choline chloride. what is the significance of this experiment?
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4 per subunit
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diagram shows a nicotinic acetycholine receptor embedded in a membrane & showing 5 subunits. What is the number of trasnmembrane helices per subunit
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0 to each Beta subunit
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diagram shows a nicotinic acetycholine receptor embedded in a membrane & showing 5 subunits. What is the number of ACh molecules binding to each Beta subunit
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1 to each Alpha subunit
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diagram shows a nicotinic acetycholine receptor embedded in a membrane & showing 5 subunits. What is the number of ACh molecules binding to each alpha subunit
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2 ACh molecules
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diagram shows a nicotinic acetycholine receptor embedded in a membrane & showing 5 subunits. What is the total number of ACh molecules required for channel opening
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4 milliamps
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how much current will flow through a resistor of 5 ohms under a pressure of 20 mV? (V=IR)
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phospholipids, glycoproteins, proteins & sterols
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what are 4 molecular components of plasma membranes?
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Microglia
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the mammalian brain contains about 10x more glia cells than neurons, what cell is primarily responsible for removing cellular debris in the CNS?
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More APs for the larger depolarization
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if a neuron has a membrane potential of -60mV, threshold of -52mV, what is the primary difference btwn a depolarization of -50mV and depolarization of -45mV
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a membrane permeable substance
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the volumes of cells in a medium varies as show in the diagram. if osmolarity at time E is measured to be 400 milliOsmoles & the osmolarity at time A was 300 milliOsmoles what kind of substance was added at point 2?
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Diffusion
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dispersion of atoms, molecules or ions as a result of random thermal motion
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homeostasis
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the condition of relative internal stability maintained by physiological control systems
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Facilitation
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an increase in the efficacy of a synapse as the result of a preceding activation of that synapse
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Post tetanic potentiation
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increased efficacy of synaptic transmission following presynaptic stimulation at a high frequency; often follows posttetanic depression
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synaptic transmission
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the transfer of a signal btwn a neuron and a target cell at a synapse
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axonal collateral
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this looks and functions the same as the main axon
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high density lipoproteins
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Some molecules can be stored in high concentrations without water like in
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symport
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amino acid uptake by cells
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phospholipids
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amphipathic, contain both hydrophobic & hydrophilic regions, contain polar/nonpolar regions, contain double bonds in their hydrocarbon tails
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water moves right, negative charge build in the left
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the membrane btwn the compartments to the left is permeable to water and Cl- ions. if 0.7 M of Calcium Chloride are added to the left & 2 M of potassium chloride is added right what happens to water and the charges?
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verifiability of observations
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A Methodology to compensate for human weakness
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colligative
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depression of freezing point & vapor pressure, development of osmotic pressure, & elevation of boiling point are all ___ properties of a solution?
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astrocytes
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extracellular ionic homeostasis in the brain
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oligodendrocytes
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myelination in the CNS & multi-axon myelination
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Microglia
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removal of cellular debris
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diffusion transport
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blood dialysis has save patients with kidney disease due to what type of transport procedure?
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electrochemical potential
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the Na+/K+ pump is an enzyme and is the reason for adding "chemical potential" to the AP
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reduction of extracellular Ca++ concentration
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a manipulation that would lower the release of transmitter from a presynaptic cholinergic synaptic terminal
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FALSE
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T/F: there is constant osmotic pressure causing water to move out of the capillary
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TRUE
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T/F: cardiovascular hydrostatic pressure changes with distance forcing water out of the capillary only in the first half
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(LTP) long term potentiation
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an increase in synaptic efficacy that develops as a result of sustained synaptic input and lasts for a relatively long time
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BIOL 3800: TEST 2