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BIO 358: EXAM 1
Bryde's Whale
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Family Balaeonopteridae
Warm Water Species
Status= Unknown
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Minke Whale
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Smallest, most abundant rorqual
Cosmopolitan distribution
not endangered
Family Balaeonopteridae
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Family Balaeanopteridae
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Cetacea, suborder mysticeti
Gulp Feeders
Eat Krill/small fishes
Ventral groove blubber
Rorquals
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Caperea marginata
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Pygmy right whale
Family Neobalaenidae
Single species in family
Smallest baleen whale
NZ biologists identify it as cetothere- a family thought to be extinct for 2-3 million years
Status and feeding style unknown
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Eubalaena glacialis
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Northern right whale
Family balaenidae
"right" whale to hunt
Coastal distribution
slow, big, blubber and baleen
float when killed
most endangered whale in atlantic (400 left)
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Bowhead whale
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Family balaenidae
Holds longest baleen
Thickest blubber among cetacea
Arctic, endangered
Skim feed at surface or depths
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Mysticeti
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4 families- different feeding styles
Balaenidae- skim feeders (right and bowhead whale)
Neobalaenidae/cetotheriidae- pygmy right whale
Balaenopteridae- "rorquals"
Eschrichtiidae- bottom suction feeders (gray whale)
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Rorquals
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Furrowed, for ventral groove blubber that permits oral cavity expansion
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Mysticetes
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Baleen
Filter feeders
Symmetrical skulls
paired blowhole
Large body size
Fewer Species
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Odontocetes
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teeth
predators
asymmetrical head
single blowhole
variable body size
more species
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3 groups of cetaceans
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Mysticeti
Odontoceti
"Archaeocetes"
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Order Cetacea
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Generally large body size
highly streamlined
almost complete hair loss
blubber
telescoping of skull, nostrils on top of head
tail flukes
wing-like lift based thrust
dorsal fin/ridge
Almost exclusively carnivorous
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Hydrodamalis gigas
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steller's sea cow
family dugongidae
7-8 m
slow, arctic
No functional teeth
Discovered 1741, extinct 1768
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Dugong dugong
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family dugongidae
endangered
indo-pacific
accomplished swimmer
cetacea-like fluke, lift-based thrust
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Trichechus manatus
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west indian manatee
family trichechidae
endangered
ind. identified by vessel-strike scarring patterns
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Order sirenia
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most closely related to elephants, hyraxes
restricted to warm subtropical and tropical regions; cold shock at 15oC
almost exclusively herbivorous
non-ruminant herbivores (eat 55-90 kg/day)
Horizontal teeth replacement
Slow-moving, placid disposition
2 families (trichechidae, dugongidae)
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Eschrichtius robustus
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Gray whale
Family Eschrichiidae
single species family
bottom suction feeder
only MM removed from endangered species list
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Megaptera novaenglidae
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humpback whale
family balaenopteridae
Cosmopolitan dist
endangered
Pectoral flippers= 1/3 body length
Ind I.D.- pigmentation on tail fluke
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Balaenoptera musculus
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blue whale
family balaenopteridae
largest living animal- 30 m
cosmopolitan
endangered
pigmentation pattern on body
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Fin whale
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family balaenopteridae
cosmopolitan
endangered
about 27 m
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Sei whale
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family balaenopteridae
Cosmopolitan
endangered
about 17 m
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Physeter macrocephalus
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sperm whale
family physeteridae
largest odontocete
single species family
head is 35% of body
champ diver (max 2 hr., 2000m)
probable suction feeder
feed on deep water squid
endangered
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Enhydra lutris
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sea otter
mustelidae
lies on back, holds prey/young on stomach
hind flippers produce lift based thrust
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Family mustelidae
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order carnivora
diverse family- includes weasels, ferrets, otters
most otters= fresh water
2 confined to marine- sea and marine otters
dense fur- heavily expoited, susceptible to oil spills
endangered
|
Pinnipeds |
Otariidae- sea lions, fur seals
Phocidae- true seals (90% of all pinnipeds)
Odobenidae- walrus
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Pinniped distribution
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Cosmo as a group but no single species is cosmo
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Direct human impacts
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Hunting for food, fur, oil
hunted by fisherman as competition
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Indirect human impacts
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Climate change/ice loss
Competition for physical space
pollution
by-cath injury/death by fisheries
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Pinnipeds require substrate for breeding
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requires access to land
requires ability to locomote on both land and water
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All pinnipeds possess...
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relatively large body size
fur or blubber
streamlined shape
modified appendages to form flippers
enhanced diving and thermoreg abilities
enhanced sensory system
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Odobenus rosmarus
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walrus
family odobenidae
largest pinniped other than elephant seal
only extant species with tusks
heavily exploited
sea ice loss- conservation threat
hind limbs produce lifet-based thrust
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Monachus tropicalis
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caribbean monk seal
phocidae
discovered by Columbus
killed 100 per night for oil
extinct by 50's
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Monachus schaninslandi
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hawaiian monk seal
highly endangered
tropical dist
tame but sensitive to disturbances
family phocidae
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Mirounga angustirostris
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northern elephant seal
family phocidae
second largest pinniped
sexual dimorphism
success story of conservation
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Mirounga leonina
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southern elephant seal
largest pinniped
holds pinniped diving record
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Crabeater seal
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family phocidae
most abundant of all pinnipeds
special teeth for eating krill
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Homology |
similarity based on shared common inheritance
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Synapomorphy
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shared derived trait that uniquely defines a clade
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Convergent character
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similarity based on shared function, not inheritance. Characters have independant evolutionary histories, homoplastic.
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Identifying monophyletic clades
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Identify or investigate traits among organisms (morphological and molecular)
Search similarities in traits
Group organisms based on similarities (shared inheritance)
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Andre Wyss (1988)
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studied appendages of pinnipeds
2 synapomorphies- 1. Elongated digit 1 on forelimb 2. Elongated digit 1 and 5 on hind limb
supported by molecular data
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Tricotomy
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fork in family tree
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Enaliarctos
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new fossil in pacific
outdates pinnipeds
transitional form
suggest shared common ancestry
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Cetacean evolution plan "A"
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Utilize fossils
not complete data set
earliest cetaceans were less derived than extant species
morphological similarities b/w cetaceans and related terrestrial mammals must be more clear
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Cetacean evolution plan"B"
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utilize molecular data
dif. type of characters, morphology not required
identifies relationships between extant species only
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Historic view
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Cetaceans are more closely related to...
Mesonychids- fossil data
Artiodactyls- molecular data
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Synapomorphy for mesonychids
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specialized tooth structure for carnivorous diet
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Synapomorhy for artiodactyls
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specialized astragalus, which limits ankle movement
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Pakicetus
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oldest known cetacean
only back of skull, teeth, and jaw found
bulla- synapomorphy for cetaceans
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