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RELI 104: Notes
Gospel |
literary genre telling of account of Jesus's life and "good news" that he brought. Includes words and deeds done by Jesus.
-4 in the New Testament (Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John)
-others studied: Gospel of Peter, Infancy gospel of Thomas |
Apocalypse
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literary genre where a usually pseudonymous author tells symbolic dreams or visions told through an angelic mediator that reveal heavenly mysteries to make sense of earthly realities
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Apostolic Fathers
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collection of non canonical writings by 2nd century proto-orthodox Christians who were thought to have been followers of the apostles; some of these works were considered scripture in some early churches
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manuscript
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a handwritten copy of a literary text
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Son of God
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Greco-Roman circles: person born to a god, can perform miraculous deeds and/or convey superhuman teachings
Jewish circles: persons chosen to stand in a special relationship with the God of Israel, including ancient Jewish kings |
Greco-Roman World
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the lands (and culture) around the Mediterranean from the time of Alexander the Great to the Emperor Constantine, roughly 300 B.C.E to 300 C.E.
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monotheism
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belief that there is only one God
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Pharisees
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Jewish sect, which may have originated during the Maccabean period, that emphasized strict adherence to the purity laws set by the Torah
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Sadducees |
Jewish party associated with the Temple cult and the Jewish priests who ran it, comprising principally the Jewish aristocracy in Judea. The High priest was the party leader and served as the highest ranking local official and chief liaison with the Roman governor
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Torah |
Hebrew for "guidance" or "direction" usually translated to "law." designates either the Law of God given by Moses or the first five books of the Jewish bible said to have been written by Moses. (Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy)
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Paganism
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any of the polytheistic religions of the Greco-Roman World, umbrella term for ancient Mediterranean religions other than Judaism and Christianity
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Pontius Pilate
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Roman aristocrat who was the governor of Judea from 26-36 C.E. and was responsible for ordering Jesus' crucifixion. Didn't think Jesus was guilty was swayed by the crowd to order Jesus' crucifixion
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tradition |
any doctrine, idea, practice, or custom that has been handed down from one person to another. can be written, oral, etc.
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Gentile |
Jewish name for a non-Jew
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Messianic Secret
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In Mark, Jesus attempts to keep his identity a secret: cast out demons 1:34; 3:23; heals a leper 1:43; raises young girl from the dead 5:43, even when Peter says Jesus is the Christ, he tells him to be quiet 8:27 -30. German scholar, William Wrede, argues that the disciples invented the secret to explain why most people hadn't heard of Jesus. Stories created a reason why Jesus did not proclaim himself as messiah. For Mark, Jesus is the messiah, but not the great king or cosmic warrior, but the messiah, who had to suffer and die. One reason to keep the secret: Roman Rulers worried about state of the throne and gathering crowds that sway the population. Implications: downplays miracles, emphasizes suffering
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Passion |
From Greek word that means "suffering" used to refer to the traditions os Jesus' last days, up to and including his crucifixion
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Son of Man
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meaning is disputed among modern scholars used in some apocalyptic texts to refer to a cosmic judge sent from heaven at the end of time
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Day of Atonement
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Hebrew "Yom Kippur" one day of the year that the high priest was allowed to enter the Holy of Holies in the Temple, first to sacrifice an animal to atone for his own sins, and then another animal to atone for the sins of the people of Israel. In Matthew, the curtain of the Holy of Holies was ripped open after his death to signify that anyone can have access to God
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Synoptic Problem
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The problem of explaining the similarities and differences between the three Synoptic gospels (Matthew, Mark, and Luke).
A solution to this problem is the 4-source hypothesis |
literary-historial method
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Method used to study literary text by asking how its genre text functioned in its historical context and by exploring, then, its historical meaning (meaning understood to the readers of the time when it was written) in light of its literary characteristics.
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Markan Priority
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The view that Mark was the first of the Synoptic Gospels to be written and was one of the sources used by Matthew and Luke
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redaction criticism
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The study of how authors modified or edited their sources in view of their own vested interests and concerns. Have to have a source to compare the text to (i.e. doing a redactional criticism of Luke using Mark as a source)
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Synoptic Gospels
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Literal meaning: "to be seen together." The Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke, which narrate so many of the same stories that they can be placed side by side in parallel columns and so "be seen together"
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Four-Source Hypothesis
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A solution to the "Synoptic Problem" which maintains that there are four sources that lie behind the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke: 1. Mark was the source for much of Matthew and Luke; 2. Q was the source for the sayings found in Matthew and Luke but not in Mark; 3. M provided the material found only in Matthew's Gospel; and 4. L provided the material only for Luke
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baptism |
from Greek "baptizo" meaning "to immerse." The earliest Christian practice of baptism in water is seen as an initiation rite (underwent when joining the christian community); probably derived from the practice of John the Baptist, who baptized Jews as well as Jesus, in anticipation of the end of the age and the coming kingdom of God (apocalyptic viewpoint). Later Christians assigned other meanings to the rite of baptism: for example Paul saw it as the mystical act of dying with Christ to sin. Baptism of Jesus can be argued to really have happened based on the fact that Christians back then would not have made up Jesus associating with John the Baptist.
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Proto-orthodox
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Form of Christianity endorsed by some Christians of the second and third centuries (including Apostolic Fathers), which promoted doctrines that were declared "orthodox" in the fourth and later centuries by the victorious Christian party, in opposition to such groups as the Ebionites, the Marcionites, and the Gnostics.
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Antithesis
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"Contrary statements," used as a technical term to designate six sayings of Jesus in the Sermon on the Mount where he states Jewish law and then his own interpretations over it
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comparative method
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method used to study a literary text by noting its similarities to and differences from other, related, texts, whether or not any of these other texts was used as a source for the text in question. As an example we used the comparative method with Jesus and the Samaritan woman and Jesus talking to Nicodemus and how he handled each situation
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general history
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genre of ancient literature that traced the significant events in the history of a people to show how their character was established. Examples: Acts of the Apostles
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biography (ancient)
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narrative of an individual's life, often within a chronological framework, employing numerous subgenres so as to reflect important aspects of his or her character, principally for purposes of instruction, exhortation, or propaganda
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thematic method
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method used to study a literary text by isolating its leading ideas, or themes, and exploring them, seeing how they are developed in the text, so as if to understand the author's overarching emphases.
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Pentecost |
Jewish agricultural festival, celebrated fifty days after Passover, from the Greek word for fifty
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"we" passages
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describe a set of four passages in the book of Acts in which the author stops speaking in third person about what Paul and his companions ("they") were doing, and speaks instead in the first person about what "we" were doing. Some scholars take these passages as evidence that author of Luke-Acts was a companion of Paul; others believe that in these passages the author of Luke-Acts has utilized a travel narrative as a source (much as he utilized other sources, such as Mark and Q, for his Gospel)
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Christology
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Any teaching about the nature of Christ. High Christology vs a low Christology. The gospels started as a low christology(Mark) and as time progressed there became a higher christology(John and the acts of Paul).
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Farewell Discourse
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Final discourse that Jesus delivers in the Gospel of John, and only in John. Includes ch. 13-16; this discourse may have been created by combining two different accounts of Jesus' last words to his disciples before his arrest. Two sources could explain problems and controversies in the passages.
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"I am" sayings
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group of sayings found only in the gospel of John, Jesus identifies himself. In some of the sayings he speaks in metaphor and other times he identifies himself simply by saying "I am"-possible reference to the name of God from exodus 3.
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socio-historical method
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A method used to study a literary text that seeks to reconstruct the social history of the community that lay behind it.
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Diatesseron
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"gospel harmony" produced by the mid-second-cetury Syrian Christian Tatian, who took the four Gospels and combined their stories into one long narrative (literally means through the four: this then is the one long narrative told through the four accounts).
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Gospel Harmony
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A literary attempt to take several Gospels and combine them into a longer, more complete Gospel, by incorporating the various accounts into one
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signs source
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a document, which no longer survives, thought by many scholars to have been used as one of the sources of Jesus' ministry in the Fourth Gospel; it reportedly narrated a number of miraculous deeds of Jesus
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docetism |
The view that Jesus was not a human being, but only appeared to be, from Greek word meaning "to seem" or "to appear"
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criterion of contextual credibility
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one of the criteria commonly used by scholars to establish historically reliable material; with repeat to the historical Jesus, the criterion maintains that if a saying or deed of Jesus cannot be credibly fit into his own 1st century Palestinian context, then it cannot be regarded as authentic.
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Josephus
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1st-century C.E. Jewish historian, appointed court historian by the Roman emperor Vespasian, whose works Jewish War and Antiquities of the Jews are principal resources for information about life in 1st Century Palestine
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Pliny the Younger
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Roman aristocrat who ruled the province of Bithynia-Pontus in the early second- century C.E. and whose correspondence with the Trojan emperor had the earliest reference to Christ in a pagan source
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dissimilarity
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Fourth Philosophy
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independent attestation
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Passover
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prophet |
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Cynics |
believed that a moral protest against hypocrisy and materialism and proposed that that the purpose of life was to live in accordance with nature through rejection of conventional desires for wealth, power, pleasure and fame
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chief priests
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Caiaphas |
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