Perception Across the Life Span – Day 10
21 Cards in this Set
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Sensation
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Stimulus input through our sensory (nervous system). It is felt/smelled/seen etc.
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Perception
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Our interpretation of what we sense. It is how we make sense of stimulus input
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Constructionist
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Our understanding of the world and stimuli is constructed through learning and experience
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Nativists
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We do not create perception through interpretation. We have innate programs and maturational processes that allow us to perceive.
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Habituation
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The tendency of individuals to get used to a stimulus. Once we start to habituate we start to ignore a stimulus. Reduction in response to a stimuli after repeated exposure
EX: Think about car alarms
Also used to test infant ability to perceive
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Dis-Habituation
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Renewed interest in a previously boring stimulus
Newborns habituate in virtually every stimulus morality, but habituation grows more acute over first 3 months
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Two types of testing infant perceptual abilities
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Preferential looking & evoked potentials
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Preferential looking
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The tendency of infants or individuals to prefer the appearance of one object over another.
Can be used to assess patterns recognition
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Evoked potentials
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Use of physiological measures to test infant responses to stimuli
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Visual preferences
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Robert Fants discovered that infants look at different things for different lengths of time. He found that infants preferred to look at patterns rather than at color of brightness. Also found that 2-day-old infants look longer at patterned stimuli than at single-colored discs
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patterns perception
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Infants prefer patterns to dull stimuli
-Light-dark transitions
-Contours demark boundaries
-The human face
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Depth perception
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Gibson and Walk conducted the classic "visual cliff" experiment to assess how early infants could perceive depth. Most infants would not crawl onto the glass, choosing instead to remain on the shallow side- indicating they could perceive depth.
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Size Constancy
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The ability to recognize that an objects size does not change as a function of distance. Indicates infant ability to perceive depth and distance. Partially a function of the location of the human eyes in relation to the face.
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Cross-modal perception
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The ability to relate and integrate information about two or more sensory modalities, such as vision and hearing
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Main deficits among older adults in relation to sensation and perception
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Cataracts 57%
Visual impairment 20%
Glaucoma 9%
Macular degeneration 6%
Retinopathy from diabetes 4%
Workplace eye injury 4%
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Deficits and recovery
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It seems that is it important to stimulate our sensory receptors early in life.
-Vision & hearing
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Attention
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The ability to focus our perceptions on a task. Improvements in attention as we age
-Longer span
-Selective attention
-Systematic attention
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Hearing
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Adolescence hearing
-Should be a time of optimal sensory perception across modalities
-Loud music may lead to tinnitus
As we age
-Sensitivity to high pitches goes first
-Current technologies may exacerbate this
-Our ability to selectively listen to voices decreases
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Vision
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As we age
-Our pupil shrinks, letting less light through/ slows our ability to adapt to low light
-Our lens becomes stiffer/ limiting our ability to focus especially on close stimuli (presbyopia)
-Macular degeneration increases/ blurs vision as we age
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Taste
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Varying facial expressions indicate infant preferences for certain tastes. We can encourage preferences for flavors.
Our ability to distinguish dinner tastes decreases as we age.
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Smell
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Olfactory abilities appear to be present at birth. Refined abilities are indicated by preferences for their own mothers scent.
Odor sensitivity decrease over time
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FSHD 117: THEORIES OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT