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Macromolecules
covalently linked 4 types: proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids All of these types of macromolecules are polymers made up of monomers that are either formed or broken down by condensation or hydrolysis
Condensation
the removal of water links monomers together
Hydrolysis
the addition of water breaks a polymer into monomers
Hydroxyl
-O-H polar covalent bond enables linkage to other molecules by condensation
Carboxyl
OH-C=O loses H+ to form carboxylic acids loses OH- in condensation reactions 1/4 of amino acids
Amino
NH2 good buffer (basic) 1/4 of amino acids
Phosphate
PO4 found in DNA, ATP (energy), and Phospholipids
Hydrophobic Molecule
water resistant non-polar covalent bond will not form ions EX: Water mixed with oil
Hydrophilic Molecule
forms hydrogen bonds with water ionic or polar covalent bonds strong ionization EX: Water mixed with NaCl
Adhesion
the ability of water to stick/adhere to things around it using its polarity/hydrogen bonds
Cohesion
the ability of water to stay together (cohere) using its hydrogen bonds
Polymer
multiple monomers covalently bonded can be formed/ broken by condensation/hydrolysis Example: Proteins, Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids
monomer
The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer. Example: amino acids are the monomers of proteins
Monosaccharides
simple sugars made up of different # of Carbons monomers of carbohydrates Ex: glucose, fructose, mannose, ribose, dioxyribose
(Di-,Poly-,Oligo-) saccharides
"polymers" of monosaccharides covalently bonded by condensation reactions that form glycosidic linkages
Disaccharide
contains a single glycosidic linkage Ex: sucrose = (glucose+fructose)
Polysaccharide
large polymers of monosaccharides store energy and provide structural materials Ex: Starches, Glycogen and Cellulose are polysaccharides of glucose
Oligosaccharide
have additional functional groups usually covalently bonded to proteins and lipids on the outer surfaces of cells
glycosidic linkage
a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a condensation reaction
Starches
principal storage of energy compound in plants different types can be distinguished by the # of branches in the polymers
Carbohydrates
contain sugar molecules (monosaccharides) source of stored energy transport said energy within complex organisms function as structural support- give organisms their shape signaling molecules that trigger specific responses some like glucose are primary source of energy
Lipids
insoluble hydrocarbons non-polar store energy in C-C/C-H bonds structural role in cell membrane because they are insoluble fat in animals provide thermal insulation
Triglycerides
most common unit of lipids ("simple lipids") contain 3 fatty acid molecules and 1 glycerol molecule Triglycerides that are solid @ room temp= fats Triglycerides that are liquid @ room temp= oils
Glycerol
small molecule with 3 (OH-) groups, thus it is an alcohol (OH-) groups make glycerol hydrophilic
Fatty Acids
consist of a long non-polar hydrocarbon chain attached to the polar carboxyl group (-COOH), therefore it is a carboxylic acid long hydrocarbon chain makes fatty acids hydrophobic on one end, but the glycerol that contains a (COOH) group that can ionize, makes it hydrophilic on the other …
Saturated Fatty Acids
all bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon chain are single (NOT double), so all available bonds are saturated with hydrogen atoms. relatively rigid and straight, they pack together tightly animal fats contain these, mainly
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
hydrocarbon chain contains one or more double bonds, which causes kinks in the chain kinks prevent unsaturated fatty acids from packing together tightly and are important in determining the fluidity/melting point of the lipid triglycerides in plants contain mainly these
Phospholipids
a triglyceride in which a phosphate-containing compound replaces one of the 3 fatty acids, giving the "tail" of the triglyceride amphipathic properties as well
Bilayer
formed when phospholipids are in an aqueous environment- the phosphate-containing compound faces outward, pushing the two hydrophobic fatty acids together, and excluding water from the core.
Metabolism
the sum of all the chemical reactions occurring in a biological system at a given time 2 basic types: anabolic and catabolic
anabolic reactions
involved the synthesis of larger molecules from smaller precursor molecules endothermic
Metabolic Reactions
break down complex molecules into simple ones and release their energy exothermic
Laws of Thermodynamics
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed Disorder tends to increase

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