33 Cards in this Set
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Macromolecules
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covalently linked
4 types: proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids
All of these types of macromolecules are polymers made up of monomers that are either formed or broken down by condensation or hydrolysis
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Condensation
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the removal of water links monomers together
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Hydrolysis
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the addition of water breaks a polymer into monomers
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Hydroxyl
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-O-H
polar covalent bond
enables linkage to other molecules by condensation
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Carboxyl
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OH-C=O
loses H+ to form carboxylic acids
loses OH- in condensation reactions
1/4 of amino acids
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Amino
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NH2
good buffer (basic)
1/4 of amino acids
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Phosphate
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PO4
found in DNA, ATP (energy), and Phospholipids
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Hydrophobic Molecule
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water resistant
non-polar covalent bond
will not form ions
EX: Water mixed with oil
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Hydrophilic Molecule
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forms hydrogen bonds with water
ionic or polar covalent bonds
strong ionization
EX: Water mixed with NaCl
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Adhesion
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the ability of water to stick/adhere to things around it using its polarity/hydrogen bonds
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Cohesion
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the ability of water to stay together (cohere) using its hydrogen bonds
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Polymer
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multiple monomers covalently bonded
can be formed/ broken by condensation/hydrolysis
Example: Proteins, Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids
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monomer
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The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer.
Example: amino acids are the monomers of proteins
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Monosaccharides
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simple sugars made up of different # of Carbons
monomers of carbohydrates
Ex: glucose, fructose, mannose, ribose, dioxyribose
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(Di-,Poly-,Oligo-) saccharides
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"polymers" of monosaccharides
covalently bonded by condensation reactions that form glycosidic linkages
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Disaccharide
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contains a single glycosidic linkage
Ex: sucrose = (glucose+fructose)
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Polysaccharide
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large polymers of monosaccharides
store energy and provide structural materials
Ex: Starches, Glycogen and Cellulose are polysaccharides of glucose
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Oligosaccharide
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have additional functional groups
usually covalently bonded to proteins and lipids on the outer surfaces of cells
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glycosidic linkage
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a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a condensation reaction
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Starches
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principal storage of energy compound in plants
different types can be distinguished by the # of branches in the polymers
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Carbohydrates
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contain sugar molecules (monosaccharides)
source of stored energy
transport said energy within complex organisms
function as structural support- give organisms their shape
signaling molecules that trigger specific responses
some like glucose are primary source of energy
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Lipids
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insoluble hydrocarbons non-polar
store energy in C-C/C-H bonds
structural role in cell membrane because they are insoluble
fat in animals provide thermal insulation
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Triglycerides
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most common unit of lipids ("simple lipids")
contain 3 fatty acid molecules and 1 glycerol molecule
Triglycerides that are solid @ room temp= fats
Triglycerides that are liquid @ room temp= oils
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Glycerol
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small molecule with 3 (OH-) groups, thus it is an alcohol
(OH-) groups make glycerol hydrophilic
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Fatty Acids
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consist of a long non-polar hydrocarbon chain attached to the polar carboxyl group (-COOH), therefore it is a carboxylic acid
long hydrocarbon chain makes fatty acids hydrophobic on one end, but the glycerol that contains a (COOH) group that can ionize, makes it hydrophilic on the other …
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Saturated Fatty Acids
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all bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon chain are single (NOT double), so all available bonds are saturated with hydrogen atoms.
relatively rigid and straight, they pack together tightly
animal fats contain these, mainly
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Unsaturated Fatty Acids
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hydrocarbon chain contains one or more double bonds, which causes kinks in the chain
kinks prevent unsaturated fatty acids from packing together tightly and are important in determining the fluidity/melting point of the lipid
triglycerides in plants contain mainly these
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Phospholipids
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a triglyceride in which a phosphate-containing compound replaces one of the 3 fatty acids, giving the "tail" of the triglyceride amphipathic properties as well
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Bilayer
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formed when phospholipids are in an aqueous environment- the phosphate-containing compound faces outward, pushing the two hydrophobic fatty acids together, and excluding water from the core.
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Metabolism
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the sum of all the chemical reactions occurring in a biological system at a given time
2 basic types: anabolic and catabolic
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anabolic reactions
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involved the synthesis of larger molecules from smaller precursor molecules
endothermic
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Metabolic Reactions
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break down complex molecules into simple ones and release their energy
exothermic
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Laws of Thermodynamics
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Energy can neither be created nor destroyed
Disorder tends to increase
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