45 Cards in this Set
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Oxidative Phosphorylation
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the process in the inner mitochondrial membrane in which electrons from NADH and FADH2 travel down the electron transport chain to ultimately reduce O2 to H2O, along the way causing protons to be pumped across the membrane to store energy in a proton gradient. Protons flow back down this …
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photsynthesis
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The basic process whereby plants produce stored chemical energy from water and carbon dioxide and which is activated by sunlight.
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
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Visible light, radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, ultraviolet radiation, X rays, and gamma rays.
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Photopigment
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protein dye bonded to retinal; derived from vitamin A; responsible for transduction
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Photosystem 1
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Linked to the first system by ETC, electrons fill vacancies in chlorophyll A, the electrons then pass through second electron transport chain to NADP to make NADPH+
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Photo system 2
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Electron jumps along proteins stopping at PS1. The proteins pump hydrogenated hitch build up inside the thylakoid. The hydrogens diffuse out the protein synthase making ATP
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photophosphorlation
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light dependent ATP production
electron flow moves photons )H+) from the stoma to the thylakoid space
photons drive ATP synthase- chemiosmotic synthesis
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ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase
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AKA: RUBP
In carbon fixation, CO2 and RUBP combine to make 6-carbon molecule, which is broken down into two 3PG molecules
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Autotroph
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Autotrophs work like an automatic vacuum because it vacuums by itself like autotrophs make food by itself.
Autotrophs are not heterotrophs because autotrophs make their own food whereas heterotrophs can't make their own food.
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Heterotroph
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An organism that cannot make its own food.
Get their organic molecule by eating other organisms.
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Transformation
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Ability to take up random DNA bitsfrom environment.
cells that can do this =competent
dead donor cell
recipient cell same species
replacement/ recyling of homologous dna
grifith experiment
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polynucleotide strand
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nucleotides connected by covalent bonds
join 5' phosphate group to 3' carbon atom of next nucleotide
phosphate
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Purine
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-Adenine
-Guanine
Double ring nitrogenous base
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origin of replication
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-particular sequence in a genome at which replication is initiated
-proceeds in both directions so two forks are created
begin when replication bubbles form at many sites along the giant DNA moleculre.
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Telomere
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the protective cap made out of a repeating DNA base sequence (TTAGG) that is found at the end of a chromosome.
*likened to a tip of the shoelace
▪ends of chromosomes, comprised of repeated DNA sequences
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Nucleotide
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the building block of a nucleic acid, which is a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base & phosphate group
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DNA Replication
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- two strands of the double helix separate at the replication fork
- each strand is used as a template by DNA plymerases to synthesize two new "daughter stands"
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Pyrimidine
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A nitrogenous base with 1 ring. The pyrimidines are cytosine (C), uracil (U) which is only present in RNA, and thymine (T) which is only present in DNA.
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okazaki fragment
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actual DNA just in fragment; RNA primers are removed & fragments are joined together by a DNA polymerase & DNA ligase
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Anticodon
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A region of tRNA that consists of three bases complementary to the codon of mRNA; recognizes codon by anti parallel pairing
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RNA Polymerase
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transcription enzyme that links RNA nucleotides together. does not require a primer.
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transcription factor
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regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes
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Exon
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Coding region in RNA transcript that provides the code to make a protein.
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snRNP
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snRNP are RNA-protein complexes that combine with unmodified pre-mRNA and various other proteins to form aspliceosome, a large RNA-protein molecular complex upon which splicing of pre-mRNA occurs. The action of snRNPs is essential to the removal of introns from pre-mRNA.
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mutation
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occur when one or more nucleotide pairs are inserted into the DNA double helix
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chromosome
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structure made of long chains of DNA
DNA
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chromatid
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One of two identical (sister chromatids) attached parts of a replicated chromosome.
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Centromere
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centromere is the part of a chromosome that links sister chromatids.
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Mitosis
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The process in which a cell duplicates its chromosomes and then divides into two genetically identical daughter cells.
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MPF
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(mitosis promoting factor)
made of polypeptides: protein kinase (catalyzes transfer of phosphate group from ATP tp a target protein), and cyclins (regulatory protein which cdk(cyclin-dependent kinase) needs for phosphorylation peaks during M phase
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density-dependent inhibition
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The arrest of cell division that occurs when cells grown in a laboratory dish touch one another.
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maligment tumor
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–Spread to other parts of the body
–Interrupt normal body functions
–Abnormally growing
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Chromatin
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Mass of very long fibers consisting of DNA and histone.
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histone
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A small protein with a high proportion of positively charged amino acids that binds to the negatively charged DNA and plays a key role in its chromatin structure.
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The interphase stage
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Interphase is the stage of the eukaryotic cell cycle when the cell grows, synthesizes DNA, and prepares to divide
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Cytokinesis
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Phase where the cytoplasm divides, creating 2 daughter cells; at the end of the cell cycle
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anchorage depedence
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to divide they must be attached to a substratum, such as the inside of a culture jar or the extracellular matrix of a tissue
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Benign Tumor
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Tumors that stay in one place & don't affect surrounding structures. Some remain harmless when others become cancerous.
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Malignant (Metastatic) Tumor
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invasive tumor cells that spread to other tissues and proliferates there
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Transcription Unit
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the entire stretch of DNA that is transcribed into an RNA molecule
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Promotor
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A specific nucleotide sequence in DNA that binds RNA polymerase, positioning it to start transcribing RNA at the appropriate place.
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Spliceosome
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A large complex made up of proteins and RNA molecules that splices RNA by interacting with the ends of an RNA intron, releasing the intron and joining the two adjacent exons.
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Intron
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DNA region within a gene that is not translated into protein. Internal noncoding region in RNA transcript. There is no code, so it has to be removed.
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anti codon
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a triplet of bases that is complementary to a specific codon in mRNA
Three nucleotides on the RNA that are complementary to the sequence of a codon in mRNA
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mutagen
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A chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and causes a mutation.
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BIO 111: TEST 3