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Final Study Guide
What is Sociology? |
The study of institutionalized action and of social institutions |
What is Institutionalized Action? |
repetitive behavior that exists across long periods of time and space |
What is Society's double blind?
|
We create society
Society Creates us |
How is Sociology a science? |
It has a clear object of study. It utilizes empirical research to asses claims. It also possesses theories and generalizations. |
Why is Sociology Social? |
It analyzes controversial problems and issues in society at large. Also, the object of sociology talks back (people). |
What are the 3 Sociological Perspectives?
|
Historical
Anthropological
Critical |
Explain Historical Perspective of Sociology
|
Organizations and institutions that we take for granted are relatively recent such as Capitalism (French and Industrial Revolution) and modernity.
Historical looks at history as a way of defining the norms and behaviors in the present. |
Explain Anthropological Perspective of Sociology |
Observing other cultures and societies. Many sociologists will utilize ethnocentrism : to take the standpoint of ones society or culture as a measure to judge all others. |
Explain Critical Perspective of Sociology
|
asking questions about things we take for granted. By questioning the way things are you can point out why they should be different.
Sociology is Subversive |
Who are the founding fathers of sociology? |
Marx, Weber, Durkheim |
What area did the founding fathers deal with?
|
Marx - dealt with economy, capitalism, and the conflict between classes (Proletariat and Bourgeoisie)
Weber - dealt with the state, modernization, power, domination, and the elite and subordinate.
Durkheim - Civil Society and differentiation |
Emile Durkheim?
|
From france.
Wrote 'Rules of Sociological Method'
wanted to create ideas that were objective and could use empirical research to assess claims. His object of study was Social Facts |
What are Social Facts?
|
Social facts are ideas, representations, beliefs, actions that are crystallized in organizations and institutions.
They are external meaning they exists outside individual consciousness and they are created and re created among interaction. They aren't created by the isolated individual and are pre existent to the individual.
They are also coercive,(not always felt) meaning that they are imposed on us and ingrained in our behavior. We feel pressure when we oppose them. |
What two things does Mills believe are imperative to include in Sociological Analysis? |
Biography and History |
Explain Mill's 3 categories of Questions When assessing Society.
|
In order to determine a societies mechanisms, institutions, social facts, etc. it is imperative to ask:
Society: What is the structure of this society as a whole? How does it differ from others in social order? WHat is the meaning for a particular feature of the society?
History: WHere does this society stand in human history? What are the mechanics by which it is changing? Whats its place in development of humanity? In this period, what are its essential features?
Biography: What varieties of men and women prevail or succeed? In what ways are they selected, repressed, formed, liberated, etc? What type of human nature is revealed in this time period with character and behavior? |
What specifically did Mills deal with in his studies?
|
Private and Public Troubles
Private Troubles are within the character of the individual and immediate relations with others.
Public Troubles transcend local environments and have to do with social organizations/institutions. |
What was Berger's most notable work?
|
Sociology as an Individual Past Time'
|
What was Berger concerned with and explain what he thought to be true?
|
The Sociologist:
- Concerned with understanding society
- in a disciplined way
- following rules of evidence
- objectivity |
What were basic questions that Berger asked?
|
What are people doing with each other?
WHat are their relationships to each other?
How are the relationships organized in institutions?
WHat are the collective ideas that move these groups of people and institutions? |
How did Berger define Sociological Knowledge?
|
-making the familiar unfamiliar
- explains social phenomena by breaking with common sense
- series of observations to do it objectively |
J.M. Henslin was concerned with what? |
Research and contrasting ideas with reality using date because common sense is not always accurate. |
Name the steps of the Research Method and explain each
|
Select a Topic : Curiosity and Interest, relevant problem
Defining the Problem : researchable questions, what we want to learn
Reviewing the Literature : previous answers to problem
Formulate a Hypothesis : statement of what you expect to find
Choose a Research Method : different techniques to collect date
Collect Data : do your experimentation
Analyze the Results : statistical and content analysis
Share the Results |
What are the different types of research methods? |
Surveys, secondary analysis, archival research, experiments, focus groups, participant observation |
What do surveys consist of? |
Populations, Sample, Representative Sample, Questions need to be structured and open ended |
Give an example of an independent and dependent variable in society.
|
Independent : Religion, Gender, Race
Dependent - Social Problems |
What are focus groups? |
6 or 8 people where you interact with the people. You receive further insight on the topics in a controlled situation. |
What is Participant Observation or Ethnography? |
First hand study of what groups of people do, think, believe, feel, and what cultural meanings are to them. Pitfalls are going native and access. |
What is reflexivity? |
involvement in the field as a positive not an obstacle |
Advantages and Disadvantages of Quant. vs. Qualit?
|
Quantitative Methods (surveys) assess large populations and find broad trends but result in lost nuances.
Qualitative Methods (ethnography) assess cultural meanings and principals of behavior but result in generalization and inability to replicate. |
What is socialization?
|
process of becoming self-aware
-skills and behaviors to be a part of society
- culture, values, and norms |
What are the (3) views on Socialization and what do they deal with?
|
Structural Functionalism - norms and stability
Critical Theory - social control, inequalities, and domination
Symbolic Interactionism - interaction and meaning making |
What is structural functionalism?
|
it focuses on social stability or homeostasis. The emphasis is on norms, values, and morals.
Socialization : needs of individuals match the needs of society |
What view does Durkheim's Functions of Crime support and explain it.
|
Structural Functionalism
There is crime in every society and it has a function. The function reinforces the norm. Also, creates a social bond. |
What do deviance and norms have to do with structural functionalism?
|
Deviant Behavior (Not normal)
Positive and Negative Sanctions are put in place and can be formal and informal
|
What does critical theory view of socialization deal with?
|
Relations of Power?
Norms and Inequalities
Norms and Social Control |
What is symbolic interactionism and which article utilizes this principle?
|
Language : we are self conscious beings. We learn a language and create meaning through interaction. We create meaning in things by interaction.
GH Mead and the development for self |
Explain what Mead found in the 'Development of Self'
|
First Stage of Socialization : "Me and I"
Second Stage : the generalized other (Kids play games with others to develop understanding of norms)
We learn the meanings of situations and objects through interaction - norms are created in Interaction with others. |
Who is Howie Becker and what did he specialize in? |
Chicago School Sociologist and he studied symbolic interactionism. |
Define the Thomas Theorem |
if people define situations as real then they are real in their consequences |
What did Hughes believe? |
Hughes argues against ethnic group as a group from others by certain traits. You can only base conclusions off relationships with other groups. Differences in ethnic traits are important but only because groups treat each other differently. |
How does Becker define how we view situations or an object?
|
How we define them is not only a function of psyche, but it is determined by our interactions with others.
|
What did Becker decide from his study of smoking marijuana? |
the motivation to engage in the activity is built in the course of learning to engage in it |
What did Becker find true of predispositions? |
PredispositionTheories cannot explain why some users dont have the traits to be considered to cause behavior? |
What are the 3 steps in developing meaning in smoking marijuana?
|
1. Learn to smoke it so it has an effect (others show you how and you imitate. Or we participate in group setting)
2. Recognize effect and connect to drug use
(negative cases - effects not recognizable with alcohol or extended use over time)
3. Learning to enjoy the perceived sensations
-others reassure temporary character of unpleasant sensations
-others emphasize what they see as enjoyable
-negative case of discontinued use - sensations were redefined as pleasurable |
What did all of Becker's studies of marijuana users conclude to?
|
-evaluations of situations, attitudes, and sensations are products of interactions
-behavior is studied in terms of changes in meanings and concepts
- making some acts possible while excluding others |
Who is Erving Goffman and what study/literature is he most known for?
|
He is a canadian born sociologists, trained in both sociology and anthropology. He was influenced by Durkheim and had a major influence on the theory of symbolic interactionism.
The Mortified Self ' |
What were some key concepts that Goffman found?
|
Dramaturgy : roles / stages / performances
institutional arrangements constitute the self |
What is Goffman's definition of mortify?
|
1. to cause to experience shame, humiliation or wounded pride ; humiliate
2. to condition ones body or appetite by self denial or self inflicted privation |
What is Goffman's "the self in total institution"?
|
-re-socialization through abasements, degradation, and humiliation.
- no allowance of privacy
- denial of respect and dignity in interactions with others
- defilement of body and contaminative exposure |