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PSYCH 350: FIRST EXAM
King Psammetichus II
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Children raised by shepherd w/tongue cut out.
First thing they say is Bekos - Frigian word for bread.
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Aristotle
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influence nature/nurture
all knowledge comes from experience.
child-rearing should adjust to needs of child
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Plato
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born with innate knowledge (nature)
strict discipline and self-control across the board
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John Locke
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Enlightenment Period
Tabula Rasa
nurture component
early strict parenting
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau
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Englightenment Period
emphasized nature
child learns via spontaneous interactions with objects and people, not instruction
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Charles Darwin
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"Biographical Sketch of an Infant"
diary of his own child's development
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Freud
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our unconscious biological drives influence development
criticisms
overemphasis of sexuality
did not study children directly
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John Watson
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behaviorism
all behavior can be explained by history of rewards & punishments over lifetime.
associative learning
associate positive and negative feelings with different events
nurture can overcome nature
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Jean Piaget
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founded the field of cognitive development
provided one of the broadest theories ever to account for changes in children's thinking.
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continuity vs. discontinuity
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continuity: quantitative change
discontinuity:
qualitative change
(pine tree vs. caterpillar/butterfly)
humans- depends how you look at it. continuous over course of childhood, but appears discontinuous b/c of growth spurts
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reliability
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interrater- the amount of agreement in the observations of different raters who witness the same behavior
test-retest- attained when measures of performance are similar on 2 or more occasions
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interviews
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structured- all asked same q's
clinical- questions adjusted in accord with answers provided
limitations -
younger children can't talk, children may lie, questions and answers can be biased
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observations
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naturalistic- describe how children behave in their usual environments
limitations: lack of control, don't know what causes what, target behavior might not be observed during session
structured- present identical situation to all children and record each's behavior
limitations: does not provide as much info about childrens' experiences as interviews do, and doesn't provide as natural of a situation
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cross sectional design
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children of different ages are compared on a given behavior/characteristic over a short period of time
limitations:
doesn't allow you to see patterns of developmental change
only seeing small sliver
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longitudinal design
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same children studied twice or more over a substantial period of time
limitations
over time will lose participants
biased
rehearsal effects
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cell development
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division
migration
differentiation
selective cell death
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zygote
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germinal phase
conception - 2 weeks
hollow sphere of cells with a bulge, the inner cell mass, on one side (this forms into embryo)
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embryo
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embryonic phase (3rd-8th week)
neural tube - U shaped groove (becomes brain & spinal chord)
placenta- permits exchange of materials b/w the bloodstream of the fetus and mother
umbilical chord- tube that contains the blood vessels that travel from the placenta to the developing organism and back again
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cephalocaudal development
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head area develops before feet
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fetus
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fetal stage (9th week-birth)
placental membrane protects from some toxins
amniotic sac filled with fluid and fetus floats in as a protective buffer
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polyhydramnios
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too much amniotic fluid
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glial cells
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form myelin sheath
guide migration of neurons
remove dead neurons
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neurogenesis |
creation of neurons via cell division
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Thalidomide
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removed nausea from pregnancy
affected development of limbs of babies
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nutraceuticals
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"anti-teratogens"
(folic acid)
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fMRI
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how much oxygen in different areas of brain
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EEG
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electrical activity stimulated by neurons
hard to find what neurons firing
good at measuring speed of firing
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PET
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injecting radioactive substance into bloodstream and see how quickly brain metabolizes it
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NIRS
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shine infrared light through skull and measure how much reflected back to the device
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haploid cells
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sex cells
produced through meiosis
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meiotic errors
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instead of splitting in first stage, chromosome stays together, so there double amount. causes there to be 1 too many chromosomes on the pair (trisomy 21)
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lipodystrophy
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makes child look old
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norm of reaction
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all the phenotypes that could theoretically result from a given genotype
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MAOA
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the warrior gene
inhibits release of brain chemicals associated with aggression
expressed in children raised in certain environments (stress, maltreatment)
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regulator genes
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control continuous switching on/off of genes that underlie development across the lifespan
affected by epigenetics
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shared environment effects
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degree of similarity among biologically unrelated siblings
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nonshared environmental effects
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effects of environment unique to the individual
(birth order, parents behavior, isolated trauma)
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instrumental conditioning
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aka operant conditioning
learning relationship between one's own behavior and the consequences of that result
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