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PSYCH 350: FIRST EXAM

King Psammetichus II
Children raised by shepherd w/tongue cut out. First thing they say is Bekos - Frigian word for bread.
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Aristotle
influence nature/nurture all knowledge comes from experience. child-rearing should adjust to needs of child
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Plato
born with innate knowledge (nature) strict discipline and self-control across the board
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John Locke
Enlightenment Period Tabula Rasa nurture component early strict parenting
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Englightenment Period emphasized nature child learns via spontaneous interactions with objects and people, not instruction
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Charles Darwin
"Biographical Sketch of an Infant" diary of his own child's development
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Freud
our unconscious biological drives influence development criticisms overemphasis of sexuality did not study children directly
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John Watson
behaviorism all behavior can be explained by history of rewards & punishments over lifetime. associative learning associate positive and negative feelings with different events nurture can overcome nature
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Jean Piaget
founded the field of cognitive development provided one of the broadest theories ever to account for changes in children's thinking.
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continuity vs. discontinuity
continuity: quantitative change discontinuity: qualitative change (pine tree vs. caterpillar/butterfly) humans- depends how you look at it. continuous over course of childhood, but appears discontinuous b/c of growth spurts
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reliability
interrater- the amount of agreement in the observations of different raters who witness the same behavior test-retest- attained when measures of performance are similar on 2 or more occasions
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interviews
structured- all asked same q's clinical- questions adjusted in accord with answers provided limitations - younger children can't talk, children may lie, questions and answers can be biased
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observations
naturalistic- describe how children behave in their usual environments limitations: lack of control, don't know what causes what, target behavior might not be observed during session structured- present identical situation to all children and record each's behavior limitations: does not provide as much info about childrens' experiences as interviews do, and doesn't provide as natural of a situation
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cross sectional design
children of different ages are compared on a given behavior/characteristic over a short period of time limitations: doesn't allow you to see patterns of developmental change only seeing small sliver
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longitudinal design
same children studied twice or more over a substantial period of time limitations over time will lose participants biased rehearsal effects
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cell development
division migration differentiation selective cell death
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zygote
germinal phase conception - 2 weeks hollow sphere of cells with a bulge, the inner cell mass, on one side (this forms into embryo)
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embryo
embryonic phase (3rd-8th week) neural tube - U shaped groove (becomes brain & spinal chord) placenta- permits exchange of materials b/w the bloodstream of the fetus and mother umbilical chord- tube that contains the blood vessels that travel from the placenta to the developing organism and back again
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cephalocaudal development
head area develops before feet
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fetus
fetal stage (9th week-birth) placental membrane protects from some toxins amniotic sac filled with fluid and fetus floats in as a protective buffer
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polyhydramnios
too much amniotic fluid
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glial cells
form myelin sheath guide migration of neurons remove dead neurons
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neurogenesis
creation of neurons via cell division
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Thalidomide
removed nausea from pregnancy affected development of limbs of babies
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nutraceuticals
"anti-teratogens" (folic acid)
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fMRI
how much oxygen in different areas of brain
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EEG
electrical activity stimulated by neurons hard to find what neurons firing good at measuring speed of firing
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PET
injecting radioactive substance into bloodstream and see how quickly brain metabolizes it
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NIRS
shine infrared light through skull and measure how much reflected back to the device
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haploid cells
sex cells produced through meiosis
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meiotic errors
instead of splitting in first stage, chromosome stays together, so there double amount. causes there to be 1 too many chromosomes on the pair (trisomy 21)
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lipodystrophy
makes child look old
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norm of reaction
all the phenotypes that could theoretically result from a given genotype
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MAOA
the warrior gene inhibits release of brain chemicals associated with aggression expressed in children raised in certain environments (stress, maltreatment)
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regulator genes
control continuous switching on/off of genes that underlie development across the lifespan affected by epigenetics
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shared environment effects
degree of similarity among biologically unrelated siblings
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nonshared environmental effects
effects of environment unique to the individual (birth order, parents behavior, isolated trauma)
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instrumental conditioning
aka operant conditioning learning relationship between one's own behavior and the consequences of that result
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