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Study Guide: Final Exam
Exocrine System |
external, between organisms sweat, urine, vaginal |
Martha McClintock |
1971 Synchronous menstruation in women that live together due to pheromone 1998 identifies pheremonal compound |
Ovulation Odor |
less intense, more pleasant. causes significant rise in testosterone in men |
Androsterone |
Men's pheromone. Ovulating women say its okay and non ovulating think it's gross |
Pheremone Detetion Mechanism |
Vomeronasal Organ in nasal passage. affects hypothalamus and more prominent in rodents |
Pituitary Gland (Endocrine System) |
Master Gland, regulated by hypothalamus. Neurohormone-releases/inhibits |
Oxytocin |
causes uterus contraction during childbirth, lactation, parent-infant bonding, stimulates sexual arousal, heightens orgasm in both sexes, 3-5 times higher in human males prior/during orgasm, increases trust in humans, promotes fidelity, promotes altruistic behavior depending on the situation |
Thyroid |
in your neck |
Thyroxin |
Growth hormone, increases metabolism |
Hyperthyroidism |
too much, high blood pressure, high heart rate, chronic |
Hypothyroidism |
too little, tired/sluggish. can lead to cretinism in infants.(stunted growth, mental retardation) |
Adrenal Gland Cortex |
Glutocorticoids-cortiterone, cortisol, metabolism, stress, energy cortisone(external drug)- shock,inflammation,allergic reaction, side affects- depression, emotional problems |
Sex hormone(steroids) |
Androgen and Estrogen. When they're not in balance Men-\higher voice, lose facial hair, grow breats women-deeper voice, grow facial hair, breasts shrink Prenataly- men and women start the same then sex hormone kick in |
Same Sex Body Plan |
Mammals all start as female and birds all start as male |
Progesteron |
similar to androgen, used to help lower rate of miscarriage if given masculinizes the fetus |
Topical Androgen Cream |
if someone using this touches a young child they'll induce early puberty |
Gender |
multidimensional-genetic, gonodal, anatomical, hormonal, behavioral, psychological |
Adrenal Medulla |
Epinephrine(Adrenaline)- Action, fight or flight, increases heart rate, blood pressure and memory Norepinephrine(Noradrenaline) same function |
Ovaries |
female reproduction, estrogen-sexual development and behavior progesterone-maintains pregnancy RU486- antagonist of progesterone, abortion pill |
Testes |
male reproduction testosterone, sperm producion |
Steroid Abuse Men |
Breasts, small balls, less sperm, increased cholestoral, high blood pressure, increased irritability, agression |
Steroid Abuse in Women |
facial hair, larger clitoris, emotional problems, severe psychosis, liver damage, hardening of arteries |
Premenstrual Syndrome |
low progesterone, high estrogen treat with progesterone combination pill-less mood changes sequential pill-more mood changes midcycle estrogen peak impairs cognition |
Specialize Afferent Neuron |
transducer, specialized neurons on the afferent neurons |
absolute Threshold |
Stimulus detection, 50% detection rule at what point does the person detect the energy value 50% of the time, when does the energy become apparent/noticable |
Difference Threshold |
Just noticeable difference- how much do you have to change the already noticed stimulus for someone to notice significant change |
Four basic skin senses |
pressure, pain, warmth, cold |
Sensory Adaptation |
Receptors adapt to constant stimulation and stop firing. when you get used to something ( but not habituation). i.e. you don't always notice you're wearing clothes. Species differentiation- dogs have a higher threshold of sensory adaptation to odors in comparison to humans |
Position Sensors(Kinesthetic Receptors) |
Proprioception. Where in space your body is located. Easily disrupted by drugs or alcohol. Equilibratory receptors, vestibular system: semicircular canals found in the inner ear. |
Olfaction |
sense of smell, olfactory epithelium human odor sensitivity-Japanese companies to reduce keypunch operator errors lavender reduced by 21% Jasmine 33% Lemon 54% but slowed productivity |
Psychopath and Olfaction |
difficulties with odor, identification and discriminations can't distinguish/identify organ, leather, coffee cortical disfunction |
Taste |
bitter, sweet, salty, sour, umami(glutamate protein receptors) If you're expose to too much salt you expose more than just the salt receptors(bitter and sour) Temperature(cold or room temperature beer) Pressure receptors(crispy or soggy) odors play role in taste, so does vision |
Fungiform Papilla |
hundreds on taste buds on these. taste buds have no specificity. 20 receptors on each taste bud, specify. PROP- chemical used to see if you're a super/normal/non taster |
Specializaiton of taste cortex |
salt not yet located(homunculus) |
Pheremones |
Ants follow pheremonal trails cockroaches-female pheromones attract male bighorn sheep-vaginal fluid see if a female will be sexually receptive human pheromones can be odorless Women can pick out opposite immune system in men by smelling sweat Mother can recognize their infants, even distinguish in between her children Infants recognize mother men can tell age range can convey the emotional state of thte send and induce simllar emotion in the reciever |
Homosexuality |
Finger length ratio equal heterosexual women 2<4 straight men, gay women Homosexual men- high androgen, bigger genitals, higher masculine pattern auditory evoke potential Nuclues BST- very small, like that of a woman |