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KIN 122: Cancer
what is cancer? |
class of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells
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How do cancer cells develop? |
genetic abnormality such as external agents (tobacco, UV rays) may be caused by mutations in oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes
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what are oncogenes? |
genes that promote cell division
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What are Tumor suppressor genes? |
cause cells to die at the appropriate time
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What are benign tumors? |
not cancerous
-tumor cells don't spread to other parts of the body can usually be removed and in most cases don't come back |
What are malignant tumors? |
-cancerous
- tumor cells divide and invade nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body - |
What is staging? |
bases on the size of the tumor and weather the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes
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What is invasion? metastasis? |
invasion- direct migration and penetration into neighboring tissue
metastasis- penetrate into lymphatic and blood vessels and circulate through the blood stream to reach other tissues of the body |
Leading causes of cancer deaths in men? women? |
men- lung, prostate, colon-rectal
women- lung, breast, colon-rectal |
What is carcinoma? |
cancer of the soft tissue and organs (skin, lung, stomach, ovaries)
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What is Sarcoma |
cancer of the bones, muscles and connective tissue
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Leukemia |
cancer of the blood forming tissue (bone marrow) causes high numbers of abnormal blood cells to be produced and enter the blood
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what is lymphoma |
affects cells of the immune system
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Where do central nervous system cancers begin? |
begin in the tissues of the brain or spinal cord
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what are some risk factors for cancer? |
depends on type of cancer, age, sex, family history, enviornmental agents, obesity, lifestyle choices, tobacco, alcohol use, diet, physical inactivity, sun exposure
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specific risk factors for lung, breast, prostate, and skin cancer |
lung- smoking, exposure to air pollution, radon
breast-reproductive/ menstrual history, no children or first child at later age, overweight/ obesity after menopause prostate- age, family history skin- UV radiation, scars or burns |
Diagnostic methods/ treatment methods |
biopsy, x-rays, mammograms, CAT scans, blood test, genomic test
treatment- surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, hormone therapy (breast cancer) |
How can cancer be prevented? |
PA, nutrition, vaccines (HPV), avoiding indoor tanning, using sunscreen, avoid smoking and alcohol, screenings, awareness of breast/ skin cancer, eat fruits and veggies, limit fat and calorie consumption, |
general signs of cancer |
thickening or lump in breast or any part of body
-new mole or change in existing mole -hoarseness or cough that doesn't go away -discomfort after eating - hard time swallowing -weight gain or loss -unusual breathing -feeling weak or very tired |
side effects of cancer treatment |
fatigue, nausea and vomiting, weight gain, menopausal symptoms, hair loss, decreased immune function, disturbances in body image and self concept, anxiety, depression, cognitive dysfunction, heart and kidney failure, osteoporosis, chronic pain |
PA prevention with colon-rectal cancer |
not definitive association, Physically active men and women have 40-50% reduced risk, some studies show reduction in risk up to 70% |
PA prevention with breast cancer |
good evidence for association with PA, physically active women have 30-40% reduced risk
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PA prevention with prostate cancer |
probably associated with reduced risk, men who are active have 10-30% reduced risk
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PA prevention with lung cancer |
probably associated with reduced risk, 30-40% reduced risk for physically active people, PA may have protective effect for smokers |
How does PA reduce risk of cancer? |
decreased hormone levels, increased gastrointestinal mobility, genetic predisposition of active people, PA increased immune defenses, decreased levels of insulin and insulin like growth factors
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Does PA reduce risk of reoccurrence in cancer survivors? |
those who are moderately active may have higher survival rate but more research needs to be done
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What are the benefits of PA during and after cancer treatment? |
safe and feasable, fatigue management, enhanced mood and decreased depression, improved physical and functional well being, higher quality of life, weight management
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How many cancer survivors are active? |
most cancer survivors do not met recommendations for PA
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PA considerations of cancer survivors |
may need to exercise at lower intensity if fatigues, if weakened immune system should avoid public gyms, if undergoing radiation treatment should avoid pools, if have severe anemia should delay exercise until it is improved
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