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PSYCH 111: PERSONALITY
Personality
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outward expression of the inner self
a distinctive pattern of behavior, thoughts, motives and emotions
consistent in an individual over time
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Personality Traits
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long-term disposition to behave in particular ways in a variety of situations
stable characteristic that causes someone to behave/act a certain way
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Cattel's Theory of Personality
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studied traits using factor analysis
developed the 16 personality factors questionnaire
examples: reserved outgoing, relaxed tension, trusting suspicious
combined common traits
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McRae and Costa
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developed the "big five" personality traits
openness
extraversion
neuroticism
agreeableness
conscientiousness
"OCEAN"
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Big Five Personality
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O = openness
C = conscientiousness
E = extraversion
A = agreeableness
N = neuroticism
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Openness
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imaginative
variety
independent
open to new experiences
ability to think, do different things in the same way
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Conscientiousness
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Composed of achievement and dependability
organized
deliberate
careful
self disciplined
low in conscientiousness: disorganized
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Extraversion
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sociable, friendly, impulsive
risk taking
fun loving
affectionate
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Agreeableness |
sympathetic
warm
trusting
cooperative
soft hearted
helpful
the extent to which people are cooperative and good
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Neuroticism
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People who generally always worry
pay attention to unpleasant information
more insecure`
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Trait theory and Gender
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Women tend to be higher than men on agreeableness and neuroticism
no gender different found in openness to new experiences
Overall men and women are more similar than different in personality
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Social Role Theory
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gender differences are based on cultural messages and expectations regarding appropriate behaviors, careers and activities
most behavioral differences are a result of cultural stereotypes about gender
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Biological/Genetic influences on personality
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personality "types"
Sheldon: body types "somatypes" linked with personality characteristics
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Eysenck's Theory
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personality emerges from 3 higher order traits that are biologically based (differences in cortical levels of arousal)
1. Extraversion/introversion
2. Neuroticism/emotional stability
3. Psychoticism `
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Psychoticism
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Egocentric, cold, impulsive
anti social
personality traits that we might label as abnormal
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Happiness Gene
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Corresponding for neuroticism
there may be a singular gene that is similar to prozac
either the short or long version of gene
Short version of gene: high neuroticism, more depressed, more pessimistic, worried about things
significant difference in personality
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Psychodynamic Theory of Personality
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personality is shaped by and behavior is motivated by powerful inner forces
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Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory
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- Focus on the influences of early childhood
emphasis on unconscious motives/conflicts
primary focus on sexual and aggressive urges
urges are still there that need to be tamed, controlled
childhood experiences and unconscious desires influence behavior
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Id
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impulses/dominated by pleasure/avoid pain
source of our bodies needs, desires, wants, impulses
"devil"
driven by pleasure principle
strives for immediate gratification
if needs are not satisfied immediately the result is a state of anxiety
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Freud's Basic Structures of Personality
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Id
Ego
Superego
psychosexual stages
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Ego
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"voice of reason"
mediator of id/superego
helps find compromises
dealing with reality
impulses can be expressed in a manner acceptable in the real world
strives to satisfy id's desires in a socially acceptable way
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Superego
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reminds us of what's right and wrong
morally driven
"angel"
guidelines for making judgments
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Oral Stage
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0-1 yr
sucking, swallowing, biting
lasting concerns with dependence and independence
pleasure from eating, drinking and other oral activities
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Stages
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Oral stage
anal stage
phallic stage
latency period
Genital stage
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Psychosexual urgent
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progress through stages
fixations or regressions can occur
whether or not you are capable of resolving
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Latency Period
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6- puberty
sexual interests suppressed
development of ego and superego
enter school and become more concerned with peer relationships, hobbies
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Genital stage
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puberty onward
sexual contact with other people
develop strong sexual interest
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Phallic Stage
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3-6 yrs
touching penis or clitoris
oedipus complex
related to later sexual attitudes
boys began to view their fathers as rivals for mother's affection
difficulty feeling closeness
Males: fear of castraton
Females: penis envy
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Anal Stage
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1-3 yrs
expelling feces, retaining reces
orderliness, stinginess, stubbornness
toilet training
controlling bladder and bowl movements
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Sublimation
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boxing outlet
converting these behaviors into a more acceptable form
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Reaction Formation
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someone you don't like but somehow being really nice to them
you are really attracted to someone and say "he's a jerk"
acting the complete opposite
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Rationalization
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Making up acceptable excuses
emphasizing knowledge, reason, and planning
find something seemingly plausible to make yourself feel better
it doesnt makes sense to study more on the test
test examples on things we didn't talk about in class
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Displacement
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put feeling about A onto b
You take something that feels uncomfortable for you
i.e. mad at boss but you cant say it to him so you put anger on someone else
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Examples of Defense Mechanisms
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Displacement
Rationalization
Reaction formation
Sublimation
Compensation (Overcompensation)
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Defense mechanisms
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strategies the ego uses to disguise or transform unconscious wishes
responses to anxiety that are caused by internal conflicts
attempts to reduce distress of anxiety/guilt
defend against any feelings of anxiety
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Angst
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difficulties in finding reasons for being
challegnes of free choices and search for meaning can lead to positive goals but also sense of dread
no meaning to life
anxiety about your own life
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Existential Approach to Personality
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personality is governed by the person's need to make ongoing choices based on the realities of life and inevitability of death
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Flow
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the feeling one gets when the optimal level of ability and engagement that matches ones ability
too little effort leads to boredom, too much challenge leads to anxiety
peak experiences and "states of flow" represent an optimal state of being according to humanistic theorists
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Unconditional positive regard
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attempt to resolve conflict
accept one may have acted badly and still be a good person
acceptance of others despite their failings
accepts one in a positive and accepting manner
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Incongruence
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sense of self/person in conflict
things you are and what you do are not connected
"thanks for the food, it looks great" -> but you didn't actually cook it
gap between our own self perception and reality
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Congruence
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oppenness and honesty
sense of self and the person are consistent it allows positive functioning
ability to be completely genuine with another person
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Carl Rogers
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accepts the self actualizing tendency
explores individuals who do and do not function well
looked at the relationship between the self (one's conscious feelings/views of self) and the person (sum of experiences, feelings, perceptions, and wishes)
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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
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a goal of humans is to be self actualized
basic hierarchy of needs
innate drive towards personal growth
self actualization needs (self development
esteem needs (recognition and status)
social needs (sense of belonging and love)
safety needs (security and protection)
physiological needs (hunger and thirst)
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Humanistic Theories
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focus on inner experiences of one's personality and development
subjective experience and personal growth
you can still become the best person you can be
unique human qualities
optimistic view of human nature: can control impulses, not based on irrational needs and conflicts
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Mischel's Person by Situation Interaction
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people express particular traits in particular situations
most likely to see consistency within these similar situations
some traits are more situationally determined
-shyness, cheating
someone may be really nice but not give you their notes because they are really competitive
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External Locus of Control
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people believe their lives are controlled by luck, fate or other people
blaming others for your mistakes and not taking responsibility
ex: i did bad on the exam because the teacher doesn't like me
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Internal Locus of Control
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people believe they are responsible for what happens to them
ex: I did back on an exam because I didn't study enough
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Locus of Control (Rotter)
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degree to which people perceive the control of rewards as internal to the self of external to the environment
degree to which people perceive the control of rewards as internal to the self of external to the environment
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Self Efficacy
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belief one can set out to accomplish tasks/goals
Belief in your ability to succeed
Mastery of new skills, overcome obstacles
successful and competent role models
positive feedback and encouragement
awareness of feelings/manage responses
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Self Concept
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explicit knowledge of one's own behaviors, traits and characteristics
all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves
find evidence to confirm our self concept
increased stability over time
"todd and the game of chance" - act like a winner or loser, Self confidence may affect our behaviors and decision making
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Self-Esteem
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extent to which an individual likes, values and accepts the self
people high in self esteem live happier, healthier lives
people low in self esteem tend to perceive rejection in ambiguous feedback
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Reciprocal Determinism (Bandura)
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talked about some of the ways we respond in the world
respond ot stimulus
Reinforcement history and cognition influence behavior
we see what we expect to see
we place ourselves in places that will confirm our beliefs
three factors influence behavior: environment, individual, thoughts
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Reciprocal Determinism (Bandura)
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talked about some of the ways we respond in the world
respond ot stimulus
Reinforcement history and cognition influence behavior
we see what we expect to see
we place ourselves in places that will confirm our beliefs
three factors influence behavior: environment, individual, thoughts
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Social Cognitive Theories
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examines peoples expectations and beliefs and their attempts to understand how the world works
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Compensation
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promote a feeling of satisfaction
i.e. "i did bad on that test"
thank goodness i did well on calculus
sometimes people overcompensate
overachieve in one area to compensate for failing in one area
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