PSYCH 111: STRESS AND HEALTH
43 Cards in this Set
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Stress
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Any circumstance that threatens or is perceived to threaten one's well being
has psychological and physiological components
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Frustration
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the pursuit of a goal is prevented
occurs when you want to achieve a goal but something is preventing it
monkey: cucumber and grape experiment
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Conflict
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two or more competing and incompatible goals
two things that can't coexist
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Approach-approach conflict
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a conflict from having to choose between equally desirable alternatives
you want this thing and the other but can't have both
making a decision between two desired goals
internship or study abroad over summer?
chocolate cake or apple pie?
two good things: least stressful type of conf…
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Approach-avoidance conflict
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a choice must be made about to achieve a goal which has both positive and negative attributes
got into first year seminar class (positive) but it's MWF at 8 am (negative)
Internship with google (positive) but in the middle of nowhere (negative)
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Change
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any notable difference in one's life which requires adaptation
both positive and negative life changes can be stressful
good things require adaptation: going to college is good thing, but there are still stressors associated with it
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Pressure
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expectations or demands that one behave in a particular manner
demands made on you to behave a certain way
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Holmes and Rahe Social Readjustment Scale
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Dead of a spouse: 100 points
Martial Reconciliation: 45 points
Change in Financial Status: 38 points
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Avoidance-avoidance conflict
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a choice must be made between two unattractive goals
generally unpleasant and highly stressful
each is negative in some way
you have to make a choice but don't want either
dont want to go to the dentist but you have a tooth ache
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General Adaptation Syndrome (Selye)
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All types of stressful situations lead to a similar stress response consisting of three stages
Alarm stage
Resistance
Exhaustion
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Alarm
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the body releases adrenal hormones
sympathetic nervous system is activated
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Resistance
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body is on "high alert"
increased arousal of the mind and body helps the person respond and adapt to the demand
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Exhaustion
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increased physiological vulnerability to stress
used up all emotional and physical resources
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Kanner
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studied stress in terms of "daily hassles"
the sum total of mundane life tasks combine to create significant levels of stress
"what's for dinner, did you pay electric bill, did you go grocery shopping"
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Stressors
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specific events or chronic pressures that place demands on a person and/or threatens well being
Today's over scheduled children
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Hyper Parenting
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parents who hover above, meddling excessively in children's lives
over schedule child
no time to invent the time of their own, often exhausted
play is learning for kids, when parents take too much control, kids don't have time to create rules, make games
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Coping
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What strategies you use to buffer against the stress cycle
Active efforts to master, reduce or accept the demands created by stress
Types of coping: physical exercise, distraction
dealing successfully with difficult changes in your life
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Maladaptive Coping Strategies
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Displaced aggression
Catharsis
Self-Indulgence
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Displaced Aggression
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harmful act to someone verbally or physically, who is not actually the true "object" of hostility
taking out one's frustrations on someone less threatening or more available target form of displacement
it doesn't fix or solve anything
aggression that is not directed at the person or si…
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Catharsis
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release of emotional tension
stomping feet
throwing things
doesn't help with dealing with the situation
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Self-Indulgence
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compensate for deprived/frustrated feelings by trying to promote a feeling of satisfaction in another area
when stressed you will consume excessive amounts of food, drugs, games, etc
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Defense Mechanisms
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strategies the ego uses to disguise or transform unconscious wishes
protective methods of reducing anxiety
1. Compensation
Denial
Fantasy
Regression
Sublimation
projection
Reaction formation
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Constructive Coping Strategies
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health efforts to deal with stressful events
able to withstand the stressor
Emotion focused: can't change the project but can change how you feel about it. how to change perceptions/reactions to the situation: 3rd graders being late to school...doesn't really matter
Problem focused: ho…
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Stress inoculation training
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helps cope with stressful situations by designing positive ways to think about the situation
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Optimism
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people with more positive outlooks handle stress better
more adaptive, live happier and healthier
the extent to which a person sees life in a positive or negative way
the belief that existence is good and life is worth living
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Humor
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the use of human can help cope with stress
can defuse some situations (bullying)
can be a positive coping mechanism
appreciating the amusing nature of an anxiety-provoking or adverse situation
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Relaxation
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reduces tension by relaxing muscles in the body, slowing cortical activity, heart rate, respiration and blood pressure
conscious effort to relieve tension in muscles
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Social Supports
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presence of social supports provide adaptive coping/release from pressures
Underscores the benefits of family dinners
presence of having someone else that's there
having someone present with problems and emotions
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Type A personality
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competitive, impatient, and more prone to aggression
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Type B personalities
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more relaxed, easy going, less quick to anger
mellow, laid back
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Stress and immune system
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stress in general lowers/decreases the body's immune responses
stress and personality style interact with health: heart and circulatory system sensitive to stress
Type A, especially hostility is one of the best predictors of heart disease (more than cholesterol, caloric intake or smokin…
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Burnout
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physical, emotion, and mental exhaustion caused by long-term exposure to demands associated with lowered performance and motivation
state of fatigue or frustration
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Health impairing behaviors
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Additional health issues associated with stress:
-smoking
-poor nutritional habits
-lack of exercise
-alcohol/drug use
-risky behaviors
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Smoking and Health
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Smokers have significantly shorter life expectancy than non smokers
-lung cancer, heart disease
-hypertension and emphysema
-smokers underestimate the health risks
-smokers overestimate their ability to quit
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Personality Traits as positive moderators
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conscientiousness has been associated with positive physical health and higher rates of longevity
may gravitate toward healthier environments
less reactivity to stress
less likely to exhibit unhealthy habits like smoking, drinking, risk taking
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Center for Disease Control and Prevention
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Sexually transmitted diseases (STIs) remain a major public health challenge in the US
CDC estimates that approximately 20 million new infections occur each year - almost half of them among young people 15-24 years of age
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Biological factors of Disease
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place women at greater risk than men for severe health consequences of STDs/STIs
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Chlamydia and gonorrhea
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sexually transmitted diseases
particular risk to health of women
both can result in infertility
greater risk for ectopic pregnancies if untreated
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Risk factors of STIS for seniors
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CSC reports some risk factors for seniors and HIV are similar to other populations
-lack of knowledge about HIV and how to prevent transmission
-inconsistent condom use
-multiple partners
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Risk factors more likely to be seen in elderly population
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-no risk for pregnancy may decrease condom use. age related issues may raise older women's risk for HIV infection
-Erectile dysfunction medications
-Although they visit their doctors more frequently, older Americans are less likely to discuss sexual habits
-Health care professionals ar…
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Coping strategies for the elderly
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-exercise improves physiological and psychological well being
-recreational activities act as a buffer and coping strategy
-building a sense of community can be adaptive
-maladaptive coping: substance abuse and social withdrawal
-elderly at risk for depression which is undiagnosed or …
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Pets and Animals
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shown to have reduce stress
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Aging and Stress (Hunter and Gillen)
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-Declining Health
-Loss of family and friends
-Employment and financial problems
-Alienation from the larger society
-Loneliness
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PSYCH 111: STRESS AND HEALTH